Old Ottawa East District Energy System Proposal Fall 2013 Created By: Carleton Engineering Students For: Sustainable Living Ottawa East Report Produced By: Nathan Bosscher, Antoine Fillion, Mehsen Kassem, Ahmed Omar (Project Management) Nick Brown, Andrew K, Sean, Ed (Buildings & Distribution) Mitch, Nik, Kuba, Roberto (Centralized Energy) Matt Mickkelsen, Hunho, Zain, Brendan(Distributed Energy) Arian, Omar, Michael, Kevin (Cooling technologies) Joseph, Paige, Kailey, Sam(Seasonal Thermal Storage) Joel, Kathleen, Aly (Short-term Thermal Storage) David,Chris, Matt Doel (GSHP) Special Thanks To: Michael Wiggin and Stephen Pope Notes: References are formatted as [a#.#.#] and indexed as such in the respective appendix, glossary and reference section of this report. Please forward any questions to Nathan Bosscher ([email protected]) Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction: 2.0 Buildings 2.0.1 Introduction 2.1 Heating, Cooling and Power Loads [Andrew Kovala] 2.1.1 Heating Loads 2.1.2 Section Cooling Loads 2.1.3: Power Loads 2.1.4: Total Loads for OOE ILDA 2.2: Water Temperature, Flow Rate, Heat Transfer Stations, and Steam vs. Liquid Water [Sean Romano] 2.2.1: Water Temperature and Flow Rate 2.2.2: Heat Transfer Stations 2.2.3: Liquid Water versus Steam 2.3 Analysis of Wall Mounted Panel Heaters & Baseboard Heaters [Nicholas Brown] 2.3.1 Operating Temperature 2.3.2 Wall Mounted Panel and Baseboard Heaters 2.3.2.1 Space Requirements of Baseboard Heaters and Wall Mounted Panel Heaters 2.3.2.2 Thermal Efficiency of Hydronic Wall Mounted Panel Heaters and Baseboard Heaters 2.3.3 Cost Analysis For Wall Mounted Space Heaters 3.0 Production 3.0.1 Introduction [Antoine] 3.0.1 Natural Gas Boilers [Antoine] 3.0.2 Biomass Boilers [Antoine] 3.0.3 Solar Panels [Antoine] 3.0.4 Ground Source Heat Pumps [Antoine] 3.0.5 Recommendations [Antoine] 3.1 Distributed Solar Energy 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Solar Photovoltaics 3.1.3 Comparing Solar Panel Systems 3.1.4 Flat Mounting System (FMS): Flat Roof Solar Mounting Systems 3.1.5 Titled Mounting System (TMS): Fixed Tilt Solar Racking System 3.1.6 Auto Tilting Solar panels: Single-Axis Solar Tracking System 3.1.7 Recommended Arrangement 3.1.8 Power Generation 3.1.9 The Optimum Material for the Solar Panels 3.1.10 The Specific Solar Panel Model 3.1.11 The Angle and Placement of Panels to Maximize Energy Generation 3.1.12 The Number of Panels that could be Installed 3.1.13 The Average Solar Radiation Levels in Ottawa 3.1.14 Determining energy production 3.1.15 Selling the Generated Energy 3.1.16 Government Incentives 3.1.17 Feed-In Tariff (FIT) Program 3.1.18 Net Metering 3.1.19 Recommendation for Selling the Generated Energy 3.1.20 Electrical Storage 3.1.21 Comparing Types of Batteries 3.1.22 Selecting the Specific Battery Model 3.1.23 Sizing the Battery 3.1.24 Recommendation for Locally Storing Power 3.1.25 Maintenance 3.1.26 Solar Thermal Energy Generation 3.1.27 Solar Collectors 3.1.28 Flat Plate Collectors 3.1.29 Evacuated Tube collectors 3.1.30 Solar Thermal Systems 3.1.31 Thermosiphon (Passive) Systems 3.1.32 Active Indirect Systems 3.2 Centralized Energy System 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Biomass Boiler [Mitchell Liddy] 3.2.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2.2 - Thermal Energy Output 3.2.2.3 Maintenance Requirments and Cost 3.2.2.4 Capital Cost 3.2.2.4 - Type of Biomass [Roberto Ionescu] 3.2.2.5 - Costs of Wood Biomass [Roberto Ionescu] 3.2.2.6 - Energy Densities of Wood Biomass [Roberto Ionescu] 3.2.3 Natural Gas Boilers 3.2.3.1 Introduction 3.2.3.2 Heating Demand for Old Ottawa [Nik] 3.2.3.3-Natural Gas Boiler Specifications [Nik] 3.2.3.4 Capital Cost of Natural Gas Boilers [Nik] 3.2.3.5 Environmental Impact of Natural Gas [Kuba] 3.2.3.6 Cost of Natural Gas [Kuba] 3.2.3.7 The Future of Natural Gas [Kuba] 3.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps 3.3.1.0 Introduction [David Gallacher] 3.3.1.1 Ground water 3.3.1.2 Surface Water 3.3.1.3 Benefits 3.3.1.4 Costs 3.3.1.5 Conclusion 3.3.2.0 Introduction [Matthew Doel] 3.3.2.1 Design & Function 3.3.2.1.1 Materials used 3.3.2.1.2 Alternative Water Heating Function 3.3.2.2 Vertical Systems 3.3.2.3 Horizontal Systems 3.3.3.3 Maintenance 3.3.2.5 Feasibility for Old Ottawa East development 3.3.3.0 Complementary Systems and Seasonal Use for a Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) [Christopher Morency] 3.3.3.2 Natural Gas Coupling 3.3.3.3 Solar Panel Coupling 3.3.3.3 Seasonal Possibilities 3.3.3.5 Conclusion 3.4 Cooling Technologies 3.4.1 Cooling Loads in Ottawa (Kevin Skea) 3.4.1.1 Months 3.4.1.2 Hourly loads 3.4.1.3 Amount of cooling 3.4.1.4 Cost without district system 3.4.2.1 Vapor-compression chillers vs. absorption chillers 3.4.2.2 Types of compressors in electric chillers 3.4.2.3 Operating costs of district chillers vs. single air conditioning units 3.4.3.1 Supply and Return Temperatures for the District Cooling System (Arian Rayegani) 3.4.3.4 Understanding District Cooling Systems 3.4.3.3 Findings Regarding Supply and Return Conditions 3.4.3.3.1 Supply temperature 3.4.3.3.2 Return Temperature 3.4.3.3.3 Flow Rate 3.4.4.1 Home insulation: Introduction 3.4.4.2 The Building Envelope 3.4.4.3 How Does Heat Flow? 3.4.4.4 Areas of the building envelope that could be insulated 3.4.4.5 Ceiling and Walls Insulation 3.4.4.6 Windows 3.4.4.7 Conclusion 3.5 Conclusion [Ahmed Omar] 3.5.1 Natural gas: 3.5.2 Biomass: 3.5.3 Solar Panels 3.5.4 Ground Source Heat Pumps: 3.5 Conclusion: 4.0 Storage 4.0.1 Storage Introduction - Mohssen Kassem 4.0.2 Background 4.0.3 Seasonal Energy Storage 4.0.4 Short Term Energy Storage 4.0.5 Overall Energy Storage Systems Distribution 4.1 Short Term Thermal Storage 4.1.1 COLD STORAGE SYSTEMS - Joel Prakash 4.1.1.1 What cold storage systems are 4.1.1.2 Phases in a cold storage system 4.1.1.3. Benefits that a cold storage system could provide 4.1.1.4 Mediums used for cold storage systems: 4.1.1.5 Choosing between chilled water and ice storage: 4.1.1.6 Materials used for the storage tank: 4.1.1.7 Layout of cold storage systems with chillers 4.1.1.8 Control strategies for cold storage systems: 4.1.1.9 Conclusion 4.1.2 Thermal Storage Tanks - Aly Rasmy 4.1.2.1 Why water is used as a storage medium 4.1.2.2 How a thermal storage tank work 4.1.2.3 Why thermal tanks are used 4.1.2.4 Relation of heating load with heating demand 4.1.2.5 Tank capacity 4.1.2.6 Cost effectiveness 4.1.2.7 Properties of the tank 4.1.2.8 Overall size and cost results of the tank 4.1.3 Thermal Mass Storage – Kathleen Rozman 4.1.3.1 Overview of thermal mass storage 4.1.3.2 Methods to facilitate thermal mass storage 4.1.3.3 Benefits of the thermal mass storage systems 4.2 Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage 4.2.0 Introduction: 4.2.0.1 Background 4.2.0.2 Seasonal Energy Storage 4.2.0.3 Short Term Energy Storage 4.2.0.3 Overall Energy Storage Systems Distribution 4.2.0.4 Conclusion and Recommendations 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System (ATES) [Kailey De Silva] 4.2.2.1 Usage in a District Energy System 4.2.2.2 How It Works 4.2.2.2.1 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System 4.2.2.2.2 Heat Exchangers 4.2.2.2.3 Heat pumps 4.2.2.3 Approximate Costs of Aquifer Thermal Storage 4.2.2.4 Installation in Old Ottawa East 4.2.2.5 Alternative Means of Implementing ATES in Old Ottawa East 4.2.2.6 Aquifer Thermal Storage System Research Conclusion 4.2.3 Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) [Samantha Champagne] 4.2.3.1 Understanding Borehole Thermal Energy Storage 4.2.3.2 Storage Medium and Heat Capacity 4.2.3.3 Compatibility with Old Ottawa East Institutional Lands Development 4.2.3.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 4.2.3.3.2 Groundwater Flow 4.2.3.4 Installation Cost of Borehole Thermal Energy Storage System 4.2.3.5 Conclusion 4.2.4 Environmental Comparison of BTES and ATES [Paige Waldock] 4.2.4.1 Environmental Aspects of Borehole and Aquifer Systems 4.2.4.2 Environmental Considerations on Implementation in Ottawa 4.2.4.3 Environmental Comparison Research Conclusion 4.2.5 Operational Temperature Limits and Energy Capacity [Joseph Botros] 4.2.5.1 Energy Demand Estimates 4.2.5.2 Operational Temperature Limits 4.2.5.3 Required System Thermal Energy Capacity 4.2.5.4 Insulation Materials 4.2.5.4.1 Perlite Vacuum Super-insulation 4.2.5.4.2 Conventional Materials for Insulation 4.2.5.4.3 Comparing Materials 4.2.5.4.4 Insulation Recommendation 4.2.5.5 Energy and Insulation Research Conclusion 4.2.6 Conclusion 5.0 Modeling 5.1 Site and Energy Production: 5.2 Modeling: 5.3 Conclusion: 6.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction: The current development of the institutional lands in Old Ottawa East brings about the possibility for great innovations which can in turn bring many improvements.