“A Perfect Catalogue of all the Rarities”: Nehemiah Grew's Musæum Regalis Societatis and Cataloguing Culture in Late Seventeenth-Century England by Emma Hughes B.A., University of Manitoba, 2012 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Emma Hughes, 2015 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee “A Perfect Catalogue of all the Rarities”: Nehemiah Grew's Musæum Regalis Societatis and Cataloguing Culture in Late Seventeenth-Century England by Emma Hughes B.A., University of Manitoba, 2012 Supervisory Committee Dr. Andrea McKenzie (Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Mitchell Lewis Hammond (Department of History) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Andrea McKenzie (Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Mitchell Lewis Hammond (Department of History) Departmental Member The late seventeenth century was the golden age of the printed descriptive catalogue. Nehemiah Grew’s 1681 catalogue, Musæum Regalis Societatis, printed for London’s Royal Society, exemplifies this elaborate published genre of early museum literature during a particular moment in time when collecting and ordering were methods of understanding the world. This thesis explores the importance of ephemeral texts in historical study by analyzing the prose used in Grew’s catalogue. Musæum Regalis Societatis opens a window onto late seventeenth-century English culture, providing insight into Grew’s opinions about contemporary religious and political debates and illustrating trends within scientific thought; most notably, the influence of Francis Bacon’s new empirical methods on Grew’s object descriptions. This results in a densely descriptive catalogue with vivid object descriptions, creating a virtual guide to the Repository. However, with the eighteenth-century development of museums as sites of leisure and the rise of experts and professionals in the burgeoning scientific disciplines, there is a noticeable decline in this genre of descriptive catalogue. Thus, Grew’s catalogue exemplifies a critical moment in the late seventeenth century in which scientific catalogues were published for a broad general public. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .....................................................................................................................vi Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction - The Rise of Catalogues ................................................................................. 1 Catalogues and Collecting ............................................................................................... 2 London’s Royal Society and the Repository ................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 - Musæum Regalis Societatis: Authority and Information Management in the late Seventeenth Century ................................................................................................... 23 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 23 Cataloguing the Royal Society’s Repository ................................................................. 25 Use of Order and Hierarchy ........................................................................................... 32 Vivid Object Descriptions.............................................................................................. 35 Figures and Tables ......................................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 2 - Textual Windows: The Use of Glass, Wine and Wax in Late Seventeenth- Century Cabinets .............................................................................................................. 56 Introduction: Observation via Text ................................................................................ 56 Grew’s Observation Practices ........................................................................................ 57 Curious Display Materials: Bottles and Bubbles ........................................................... 60 Preservation of Objects .................................................................................................. 66 Wet Preservation: Wine and Spirits ........................................................................... 66 Dry Preservation and Wax Injection ......................................................................... 71 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3 - The Decline of the Seventeenth Century Printed Catalogue .......................... 77 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 77 The Rise of the Museum Expert .................................................................................... 80 Division of the Sciences................................................................................................. 89 From Descriptive Catalogue to Inventory.................................................................... 101 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 106 Conclusion: The Decline of the Repository ..................................................................... 109 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 113 Primary Sources ........................................................................................................... 113 Secondary Sources ....................................................................................................... 116 Royal Society Archive ................................................................................................. 126 v List of Tables Table 1: Records found on Early English Books Online (EEBO) Database ..................... 79 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Title Page to Nehemiah Grew’s 1681 edition of Musæum Regalis Societatis ... 27 Figure 2: Knowledge Tree depicting the classification of shells taken from Grew's 1686 edition of Musæum Regalis Societatis ............................................................................... 46 Figure 3: Table 11 illustrating a variety of whelks, taken from Grew’s 1686 edition of Musæum Regalis Societatis. ............................................................................................... 49 Figure 4: “A List of those who have Contributed to this Musæum: excepting some Names which are lost” from Grew's 1685 edition of Musæum Regalis Societatis ........................ 54 Figure 5: RS Ms. 413, 1719-1731. Chapter 2 "Of Quadrupeds" ....................................... 97 Figure 6: RS Ms. 414 1735 Section 4 "Birds" .................................................................. 98 Figure 7: RS MS 414 Section 1 "Human Rarities" 1735 ................................................. 100 Figure 8: RS Ms. 414 Section 9 "Of Fossils" 1735 ......................................................... 105 vii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my sisters, friends and loved ones who have endured my many rants, rages, and rambles about cabinets. I love you all. I also dedicate this thesis to my amazing parents for their unwavering love and support throughout my studies. 1 Introduction - The Rise of Catalogues The combined art and natural history collections provided the original impetus for numerous printed catalogues. They are a visible sign that the aforementioned “curious little men” perceived the need to sort out and endow their collections with some semblance of order and classification. No matter how vague and confused the initial effort might be, it was an attempt to bring method to chaos— the same effort to which the new natural sciences were committed.1 Print culture flourished in early modern England; books and pamphlets were printed en masse and as a result, the literate few began accumulating collections of text. The influx of various books and pamphlets required individuals and vendors to organize, catalogue and annotate vast collections of text. In short, there was a need for information management. Catalogues proliferated, providing a sense of hierarchy and order to both owner and audience. Many types of catalogues emerged throughout the early modern period, organizing a variety of collections—from books, art, to plants— but the most relevant for the purpose of this thesis was that of the curiosity catalogue,