1 A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay CMPA Technical Report Series No. 52 A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay (PB), Tamil Nadu Authors Dr. C.M. Ramakritinan, Dr. M. Anand Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Indo-German Biodiversity Programme (IGBP), GIZ-India, A-2/18, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi - 110029, India E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.giz.de March 2016 Responsible Dr. Konrad Uebelhör, Director, GIZ Photo Credit: Akshaya M. Mane Design and Layout Commons Collective, Bangalore [email protected] Disclaimer The views expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, nor the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) or the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The designation of geographical entities and presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of opinion whatsoever on the part of MoEFCC, BMUB, or GIZ concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Reference herein to any specific organization, consulting firm, service provider or process followed does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favouring by MoEFCC, BMUB or GIZ. Citation Ramakritinan, C.M. and M. Anand. 2016.A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay (PB), Tamil Nadu. CMPA Technical Series No 52. Indo-German Biodiversity Programme, GIZ- India, New Delhi. A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay (PB) Tamil Nadu Dr. C.M. Ramakritinan, Dr. M. Anand (Department of Marine and Coastal StudiesMadurai Kamaraj University Pudumadam – 623524, Tamilnadu, India} March 2016 CMPA Technical Report Series 52 Indo-German Biodiversity Programme Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay P a g e s P Chapters INTRODUCTION 01 Need for this Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 01 1 Objectives/Scope of the Present Bibliography ............................................................................ 01 Materials and Methods ............................................................................ .................................. 03 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 04 Hydrography of Palk Bay .............................................................................................................. 04 iii5 2 Seawater Quality Including Nutrients .......................................................................................... 05 Biological Resources of Palk Bay .................................................................................................. 07 Marine Flora ................................................................................................................................ 07 Phytoplankton ............................................................................................................................. 07 Macro Algae ................................................................................................................................. 08 Seagrasses ................................................................................................................................... 09 Mangroves ................................................................................................................................... 11 Marine Fauna ............................................................................................................................... 13 Zooplankton ................................................................................................................................. 13 Corals ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Marine Sponges ........................................................................................................................... 15 Molluscs ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Echinoderms ................................................................................................................................ 17 Arthropods .................................................................................................................................. 17 Tunicates ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Finfish .......................................................................................................................................... 19 A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay Reptiles ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Sea Snakes .................................................................................................................................... 19 Turtles ........................................................................................................................................... 20 Seahorses ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Seabirds ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Mammals ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Dugong ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Socio-economic Information on Palk Bay ..................................................................................... 25 Coastal Livelihoods ....................................................................................................................... 25 Fisheries ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Aquaculture .................................................................................................................................. 26 iv Mariculture ................................................................................................................................... 27 Other issues .................................................................................................................................. 27 Pollution and Toxic Effect .............................................................................................................. 27 Tourism ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Coastal Security ............................................................................................................................ 29 Conflict Issues ............................................................................................................................... 29 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 34 SUBJECT INDEX 124 TAXONOMY INDEX 133 A Bibliographic Review: Identification and Prioritization of Research Gaps inthe Palk Bay Chapter 1 Introduction Palk Bay is a land locked marine environment, to coral reef in the Palk Bay region sited parallel geographically bounded by Tamil Nadu state to land up to the depth of ~9 m. Moreover, 1 in the west, Bay of Bengal in the North, the seaweed cultivation practices are available in Gulf of Mannar in the South and Sri Lanka in the Palk Bay coastal water. Hence, the Palk Bay the east. The Indian side of the Palk Bay coast is shelter for numerous natural resources and line stretched ~500 km length. Nagapattinam, artificial cultivation of the marine resources Pudukottai and Ramanathapuram Districts are and as a consequence, they have huge the coastal districts of the Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu economic value. However, the coastal habitats state of India. Point Calimere and Dhanushkodi in the Palk Bay region are facing critical threats are the two end points of the Palk Bay in resulted from the developmental activities India. The coast line boundaries laid between and overexploitation of natural resources. The Longitude 10°16’N (Point Calimere) and 9°7’ following map (Figure 1) shows the geographical N (Ram Sethu/Adems’ Bridge). Muthuppettai location of Palk Bay region. coastal lagoon is the only coastal lagoon with massive of mangrove canopy forest at the Objectives/Scope of the Present northern part of Palk Bay. Bibliography • Provides comprehensive compilation of Need for this Bibliography research works carried out in the Palk Bay Palk Bay harbours various raw materials for region between 2008 and 2015.