The Horse as Cultural Icon Intersections Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture General Editor Karl A.E. Enenkel Chair of Medieval and Neo-Latin Literature Westfälische Wilhelmsuniversität Münster e-mail: kenen_01@uni_muenster.de Editorial Board W. van Anrooij (University of Leiden) W. de Boer (Miami University) K.A.E. Enenkel (University of Münster) J.L. de Jong (University of Groningen) W. Melion (Emory University) K. Murphy (University of Oxford) W. Neuber (Free University of Berlin) H. Roodenburg (P.J. Meertens Institute) P.J. Smith (University of Leiden) Anita Traninger (Free University of Berlin) C. Zittel (Max Planck Institut, Florence) Advisory Board K. VAN BERKEL (University of Groningen) – F. EGMOND A. GRAFTON (Princeton University) – A. HAMILTON (Warburg Institute) C.L. HEESAKKERS – H.A. HENDRIX (Utrecht University) – F.J. VAN INGEN J.I. ISRAEL (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, N.J.) – M. JACOBS (Free University of Brussels) K.A. OTTENHEYM (Utrecht University) – K. PORTEMAN E.J. SLUIJTER (University of Amsterdam) VOLUME 18 – 2011 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/inte The Horse as Cultural Icon The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World Edited by Peter Edwards, Karl A.E. Enenkel and Elspeth Graham LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustrations: the image of the Duke of Newcastle on horseback, performing the ballotade, is taken from William Cavendish, A General System of Horsemanship (London, J. Brindley: 1743) vol. I, plate 32, as is the background image, the apotheosis of the Duke of Newcastle, vol. 1, plate 4. Reproduced by permission of the Warden and Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The horse as cultural icon : the real and the symbolic horse in the early modern world / edited by Peter Edwards, Karl A.E. Enenkel and Elspeth Graham. p. cm. — (Intersections : interdisciplinary studies in early modern culture) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-21206-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Horses—History. 2. Horses—Social aspects—History. I. Edwards, Peter (Peter Roger) II. Enenkel, K. A. E. III. Graham, Elspeth, 1953– IV. Title. V. Series. SF283.H76 2011 636.1009—dc23 2011025630 ISSN 1568-1811 ISBN 978 90 04 21206 0 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................ vii Notes on the Editors ......................................................................... ix Notes on the Contributors ............................................................... xi List of Illustrations ............................................................................ xv Introduction: The Horse as Cultural Icon: The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World ........................... 1 Peter Edwards and Elspeth Graham I. HORSEMANSHIP AND STATUS The Duke of Newcastle’s ‘Love [. .] For Good Horses’: An Exploration of Meanings ....................................................... 37 Elspeth Graham Visual Aids: Equestrian Iconography and the Training of Horse, Rider and Reader .............................................................. 71 Pia F. Cuneo Big Men, Small Horses: Ridership, Social Standing and Environmental Adaptation in the Early Modern Philippines 99 Greg Bankoff Letting Loose the Horses: Sir Philip Sidney’s Exordium to The Defence of Poesie .................................................................... 121 Elizabeth Anne Socolow The Legacy of Federico Grisone ...................................................... 143 Elizabeth M. Tobey II. HORSE BREEDING Altering a Race of Jades: Horse Breeding and Geohumoralism in Shakespeare ................................................................................ 175 Ian F. MacInnes vi contents ‘Beware a Bastard Breed’: Notes Towards a Revisionist History of the Thoroughbred Racehorse ................................... 191 Richard Nash ‘The Most Excellent of Animal Creatures’: Health Care for Horses in Early Modern England ........................................ 217 Louise Hill Curth ‘Dark Horses’: The Horse in Africa in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries .......................................................... 241 Sandra Swart The Renaissance Studs of the Gonzagas of Mantua .................... 261 Andrea Tonni III. HORSE-HUMAN IDENTITIES Image and Reality: Upper Class Perceptions of the Horse in Early Modern England ................................................................. 281 Peter Edwards ‘Know Us by Our Horses’: Equine Imagery in Shakespeare’s Henriad ........................................................................................... 307 Jennifer Flaherty ‘The Author of their Skill’: Human and Equine Understanding in the Duke of Newcastle’s ‘New Method’ ............................... 327 Elaine Walker The Military Value of Horses and the Social Value of the Horse in Early Modern England ..................................... 351 Gavin Robinson Forging Iron and Masculinity: Farrier Trade Identities in Early Modern Germany .......................................................... 377 Amanda Eisemann Index Nominum ................................................................................ 403 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume comes out of the work of the Early Modern Horse network and, in particular, was stimulated by a conference on “The Renaissance Horse” held at Roehampton University London during the week of 15–21 June 2009 to mark the retirement of Peter Edwards. This would not have taken place if his colleague, Sara Pennell, had not insisted on it and had taken on the task of organising the event. We are deeply indebted to her. We are also grateful to Roehampton University for funding and for providing the venue and a number of excellent facili- ties and services for this event. Research for, and preparation of, this book has confirmed the extraordinary, but characteristic, kindness and generosity of a great many people in the academic, archive, museum and library worlds. Various bodies, including the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst, the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, the Huntington Library, the British Academy and the National Sporting Library and Museum, provided fellowships to fund research and Liverpool John Moores University funded research leave. If staff at record repositories in four continents have moved mountains of documents in the search for evidence, special mention must be given to Tim Cox, whose home contains one of world’s most valuable research collection on the history of the thoroughbred. We are grateful to Rodrigue Lévesque and Elizabeth Ling; the Warden and Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford; John Paul Zaccarini and Eric Richmond; City of Westminster Archives; and Scala Picture Library for permission to publish images in their possession. We should like to record, as well, our special thanks to Norma Aubertin-Potter (Librar- ian in charge of the Codrington Library, All Souls College, Oxford), Colin Dunn at Scriptura Ltd., John-Paul Zaccarini, Michelle Good- man (City of Westminster Archive Centre), Christine Neagu (Christ Church Library, Oxford) and Emily Jones (Scala Archives, London). Liverpool John Moores University provided funding for illustrations to the book, for which we are grateful. Among the individuals who commented on an essay, provided information or helped its production in other ways were Tony Byles, viii acknowledgements Anita Feldman, Colin Harrison, A.J. Hibberd, Rachel Graham, Brian Gibbons, Leslie Lecomte, Miodrag Milovanovic, Anita O’Brien, Liz Ross, Sandy Snider, Leslie Brice and Alex Martin, as well as mem- bers of Early Modern Reading Group at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, the Old Bald Peg pedigree research group and the Princeton Research Forum. Clare and Mark Oglesby provided cru- cial missing details relating to the Byerley family history. Particular thanks to Timothy Ashplant without whose intellectual and practical help much of this book would not have come to fruition. NOTES ON THE EDITORS Peter Edwards is Emeritus Professor of Early Modern British Social History at Roehampton University in London. He has written exten- sively on the multi-functional role of horses in pre-modern society. His publications include The Horse Trade of Tudor and Stuart England (1988) and Horse and Man in Early Modern England (2007). In spe- cific articles and chapters he has focused on the marketing of horses and on their training and treatment, as well as on the use of horses in warfare, industry and agriculture, for recreational purposes and as icons. He contributed a chapter on domesticated animals in Renais- sance Europe to the Renaissance volume of Berg’s series on the Cul- tural History of Animals (2007). He has also written