PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/151003 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-07 and may be subject to change. Horizon scanning and environmental risk analyses of non-native biomass crops in the Netherlands J. Matthews, R. Beringen, M.A.J. Huijbregts, H.J. van der Mheen, B. Odé, L. Trindade, J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg, G. van der Velde & R.S.E.W. Leuven Horizon scanning and environmental risk analyses of non-native biomass crops in the Netherlands J. Matthews, R. Beringen, M.A.J. Huijbregts, H.J. van der Mheen, B. Odé, L. Trindade, J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg, G. van der Velde & R.S.E.W. Leuven December 31, 2015 Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research Department of Environmental Science, FLORON, Wageningen University and Research Centre Commissioned by Invasive Alien Species Team Office for Risk Assessment and Research Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Ministry of Economic Affairs Series of Reports Environmental Science The Reports Environmental Science are edited and published by the Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands (tel. secretariat: + 31 (0)24 365 32 81). Reports Environmental Science 506 Title: Horizon scanning and environmental risk analyses of non-native biomass crops in the Netherlands Authors: Matthews, J., R. Beringen, M.A.J. Huijbregts, H.J. van der Mheen, B. Odé, L. Trindade, J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg, G. van der Velde & R.S.E.W. Leuven Cover photo: Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) growing in a research field at Wageningen in the Netherlands. © Photo: Tim van der Weijde Project manager: Dr. R.S.E.W. Leuven, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands, e-mail: [email protected] Project number: RU/FNWI/FEZ 62002269 Client: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Invasive Alien Species Team, Office for Risk Assessment and Research, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht Reference client: NVWA Order 60003357, d.d. 3 December 2014 Orders: Secretariat of the Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands, e-mail: [email protected], mentioning Reports Environmental Science 506 Key words: Dispersion; ecological effects; invasive species; management options, public health, socio-economic impacts 2015. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this report may be translated or reproduced in any form of print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contents Samenvatting ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Background and problem statement ............................................................................ 13 1.2 Research goals ............................................................................................................ 14 1.3 Outline and coherence of research .............................................................................. 15 2. Materials and methods................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Horizon scanning ......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Literature review .......................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Data acquisition on current distribution........................................................................ 18 2.4 Risk assessment .......................................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Selection of risk assessment method .......................................................................... 19 2.4.2 The ISEIA ecological risk assessment protocol ........................................................... 19 2.4.3 Expert meetings on risk classification using the ISEIA protocol .................................. 21 3. Selection of relevant non-native biomass crops .......................................................... 23 4. Species descriptions and risk assessments ................................................................ 28 4.1 Polygonaceae ............................................................................................................. 28 4.1.1 Giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis var. igniscum candy) .................................... 28 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 32 4.1.2 Rumex patientia x thianschanicus ............................................................................... 35 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 38 4.2 Malvaceae ................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) ....................................................................................... 40 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 45 4.2.2 Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita) .......................................................................... 48 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 52 4.3 Salicaceae ................................................................................................................... 55 4.3.1 Salix schwerinii x viminalis ........................................................................................... 55 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 60 4.4 Euphorbiaceae ........................................................................................................... 62 4.4.1 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) .......................................................................................... 62 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 68 4.5 Apocynaceae .............................................................................................................. 71 4.5.1 Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) ....................................................................... 71 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 77 4.6 Boraginaceae ............................................................................................................. 81 4.6.1 Russian comfrey (Symphytum x uplandicum) ............................................................. 81 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 86 4.7 Asteraceae .................................................................................................................. 89 4.7.1 Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) ................................................................................. 89 1 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................... 94 4.8 Poaceae ...................................................................................................................... 97 4.8.1 Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) ............................................................................ 97 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................. 103 4.8.2 Giant reed (Arundo donax) ........................................................................................ 106 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................. 116 4.8.3 Miscanthus species .................................................................................................... 120 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................. 139 4.8.4 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) ............................................................................... 152 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................. 158 4.8.5 Phyllostachys species ................................................................................................ 161 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................. 168 4.8.6 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var. sweet) ..................................................................... 174 Ecological risk assessment with the ISEIA protocol .................................................