PREFACE After the National Counterintelligence Center designed and conducted sev- eral iterations of a seminar on The Evolution of American Counterintelligence, it became apparent that a well-thought out reader would be ideal to comple- ment the lectures. We concluded that the great abundance of literature on coun- terintelligence and intelligence is, ironically, one of the main obstacles to un- derstanding our discipline. Most of the current books and articles concern the numerous espionage cases that have plagued our profession over the past few years. The more famous, or infamous, the spy, the more books written. Only a few books endeavored to scrutinize counterintelligence but the treatment was uneven. Our readers three volumes cover counterintelligences past and present. Nevertheless they form a whole: the first volume provides material elucidating counterintelligences antecedents from the American Revolution to World War II. Volume two focuses on World War II while volume three begins with the Atom Bomb spies and concludes with the latest espionage cases. History is more than background; it is the framework of the present. We have taken material from official government documents, indictments from several espionage cases, and articles written by professors, scholars and counterintelligence officers. We have abridged some selections while trying not to change the sense of the original but we have not altered the original usage of the English language. Each chapter in the three volumes has an introduction, which sketches out the main trends and characteristics of the period in question. There is a chro- nology with each chapter for volumes one and three, but volume two only has one chronology to cover the entire period. At the end of each chapter is a selected bibliography. We hope this will help you get a sense of the period as a whole. The reader is not all-inclusive and people may disagree with our selec- tions, but at least we hope to have provided sufficient material to entice our colleagues to do further research. Counterintelligence is a fascinating and challenging discipline. Our response to these challenges is determined, not by the requisites of the immediate situa- tion but by our historical legacy. Thus we urge that the materials presented in the three volumes be read, not as background to the present, but as part of the present itself. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1The American Revolution And The Post-Revolutionary Era: A Historical Legacy ............ 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Counterintelligence ................................................................................................................................. 2 Paul Revere and the Mechanics ....................................................................................................... 2 Benjamin Church ............................................................................................................................. 3 West and Gerry-Porter Letter Translation ........................................................................................ 8 Incercepting Communications ................................................................................................................ 9 Deception Operations .............................................................................................................................. 9 The Hickory Plot ................................................................................................................................... 10 Minutes of the Committee For Detecting Conspiracies ........................................................................ 11 Enoch Crosby Describes His Career As A Spy ..................................................................................... 12 Benedict Arnold .................................................................................................................................... 17 The Enabling Causes .................................................................................................................. 17 The Precipitating Causes ............................................................................................................ 19 Implications for US Counterintelligence Today ............................................................................ 20 Epilogue for a Spy ......................................................................................................................... 21 Dr. Edward Bancroft ............................................................................................................................. 21 Secret Writing ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Other Spies ............................................................................................................................................ 24 To Joseph Reed or Colonel Cornelius Cox April 7, 1777 ............................................................ 24 To Governor William Livingston January 20, 1778 ..................................................................... 25 To Governor William LivingstonMarch 25, 1778 ....................................................................... 25 To Colonel Stephen Moylan April 3, 1778 ................................................................................... 25 To Governor William Livingston June 1, 1778 ............................................................................ 26 To Brigadier General William Swallowed June 1, 1778 .............................................................. 26 To The Board Of General Officers June 2, 1778 .......................................................................... 26 General OrdersSeptember 14, 1778 ............................................................................................. 26 To Major General Alexander McDougallMarch 25, 1779 ........................................................... 27 To Major General Alexander McDougallMarch 28, 1779 ........................................................... 27 Joseph Hyson ................................................................................................................................. 27 Lydia Darragh ................................................................................................................................ 28 James Armistead ............................................................................................................................ 29 John Honeyman ............................................................................................................................. 29 Daniel Bissell ................................................................................................................................. 29 David Gray ..................................................................................................................................... 30 The XYZ Affair ..................................................................................................................................... 30 The Burr Conspiracy ............................................................................................................................. 31 The Alien And Sedition Acts1798 ....................................................................................................... 33 The Naturalization ActJune 18, 1798 .......................................................................................... 33 The Alien Act June 25, 1798An Act Concerning Aliens ............................................................. 34 ii The Alien Enemies Act July 6, 1798An Act respecting Alien Enemies ...................................... 34 The Sedition Act July 14, 1798 ...................................................................................................... 35 American Revolution Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 36 American Revolution Chronology ........................................................................................................ 38 American Revolution End Notes ........................................................................................................ 186 Chapter 2The Civil War: Lack Of A Centralized Direction .............................................................. 43 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 43 William H. Seward ................................................................................................................................ 44 Allan Pinkerton ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Pinkerton Letter ............................................................................................................................. 47 Layfayette Baker ................................................................................................................................... 49 Henry Beebee Carrington ...................................................................................................................... 56 Stantons LetterMay 2, 1863 .......................................................................................................