Chapter 12 High Renaissance and Mannerism C&V, vol. 2, 8th edition High Renaissance • Move from Florence to Rome ! • Popes become very important patrons ! • Important artists: – Raphael, Michelangelo, Palladio (for architecture), Giorgione (jor-JOAN-nee), Titian (TI-shun) ! • Important musicians: – Josquin des Prez, Palestrina, G. Gabrieli Why be an Arts patron? • See C&V p. 388-90 & p. 410 ! • Memorialize the family name ! • Promote civic pride ! • Assure the patron’s standing in society ! • Exhibits your power and position Popes and Patronage ● Vatican as center of wealth, stability ● Pope Sixtus IV ● Pope Julius II ■ Beginnings of High Renaissance (1503) ■ “il papa terribile” ■ Raphael, Michelangelo ● The de’ Medici Family The Visual Arts ● Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) ■ Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Madonna of the Rocks ● Orthogonals (p. 391), chiaroscuro (p. 392) ● smart history link on linear perspective ! ■ Notebooks ! ■ Mathematics, natural world and humanity, love for beauty 12.3 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498, Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazi, Milan, Italy 12.3 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498, Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazi, Milan, Italy Source: http://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/folders/Courses/Drawing%20and%20Sketching/L10/images/leonardo_last%20supper.jpg 12.4A Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks, begun 1483. Musee du Louvre, Paris, France ! ! smart history link 12.5 Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-1505. Musee du Louvre, Paris, France ! ! smart history link Pyramid construction in art see p. 392 Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks ca. 1485 Raphael, Madonna of the Meadow ca. 1508 The Visual Arts Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) ● From Urbino to Perugia ■ Apprentice to Perugino ! ● From Perugia to Florence (1505) ! ● Madonna of the Meadow (1508) ■ Pyramidal configuration ■ Rationally ordered ■ Modeling of human forms ! ● Human quality of the divine figure 12.7 Raphael, Madonna of the Meadow, 1508, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria The Visual Arts Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) ● From Florence to Vatican (1508) ! ● School of Athens (1509-1511) ■ Symbolic homage to philosophy ■ Renaissance ideal ■ see 396-397 ■ http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/school-of-athens.html ! ● Balance of philosophy and theology 12.8A Raphael, Philosophy (School of Athens), 1509-1511. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy The Visual Arts ● Lorenzo de’ Medici ! ● Michelangelo Buonarroti (1476-1564) ■ Pietá ■ smart history link ! ● Michelangelo’s David ■ Statement of idealized beauty ■ Palazzo Vecchio: symbol of civic power 12.10 Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504, Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence, Italy ■ smart history link The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Tomb for Pope Julius II ! ! ● Moses (1513-1515) ■ Divine fury, divine light ■ Terribilità 12.11 Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-1515, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy ! ■ smart history link The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) The Sistine Chapel ! ● “Michelangelo, Sculptor” ● Architectural and thematic motifs ● Interpretation ■ Neo-Platonism ■ Old Testament and pagan prophets ■ Complex tree symbolism ■ Human wisdom + God’s revelation 12.12A Michelangelo, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1508-1511, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy ! ! • smart history link The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) ● Michelangelesque ■ Masculine anatomy, musculature ■ Physical bulk, linear grace, emotionality ■ Creation of Adam (1508-1511) ■ The Last Judgment (1534-1541) ! ● Medici Chapel ■ Architectural and sculptural design ■ Life, death, resurrection 12.13 Michelangelo, Creation of Adam, detail of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy 12.16 Michelangelo, Night, 1519-1531, detail of the tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici, Church of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) The New Saint Peter’s ! ● Donato Bramante (1444-1514) ■ Tempietto ! ● Michelangelo as architect (1546) ■ Bramante’s plan ■ Ribbed, arched dome ■ Drum to support dome ! • smart history link The High Renaissance in Venice ● Andrea Palladio ■ Classical Architecture of Greece reflected through Roman structures ! ■ Four Books of Architecture (1570) ! ■ Palazzo Chiericati ● Harmony and balance ! ■ La Rotonda Architecture • Andrea Palladio • see pp. 407-8 ! •Designs many villas in High Ren. Style ! •Four Books of Architecture (1570) ! •Style spreads through his books; esp. in England and later in America; “Greek Revival” style in American South ! Villa Rotonda (formerly Villa Capra), near Vicenza, Italy, ca. 1566–1570 smart history link Art in Venice: Titian Assumption of the Virgin Venus of Urbino (p. 409) - Typical of his style - Celebration of female beauty from a human perspective - swirling color - Renaissance artists studies of the human body - triangular composition - Painted for a wealthy patron smart history link smart history link Mannerism ● Characteristics of Mannerism ■ Distortion and elongation ■ Flattened, two-dimensional space ■ Lack of a defined focal point ■ Discordant pastel hues ■ smart history link on mannerism ! ● Jacopo Carucci da Pontormo (1494-1557) ■ Deposition (c. 1528) ! ● Il Bronzino ■ Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury) Parmigianino (little one from Parma) •Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1524) •exaggerated, irrational space •elongated features smart history link High Ren. vs. Mannerism (p. 411) High Renaissance Mannerism • Content: universal, ideal • Content: subjective, strange • Space: harmonious, rational, • Space: irrational, exaggerated proportional • Figure: serpentina, tense • Figure: easily posed, restful • "Mannerist artists preferred odd, agitated poses (especially the serpentinata, a sharply twisted, serpentine pose), spatial exaggeration ..." (Adams p. 387) Michelangelo both styles High Ren. and Mannerist - Sistine Chapel in the Vatican ! - Ceiling in High Renaissance Style - Altar Wall in Mannerist Style ! smart history link High Ren. vs. Mannerism smart history link smart history link 12.23 Bronzino, Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury), 1546, National Gallery, London, England ! smart history link Mannerism ● Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) ■ Daughter of Bolognese painter ■ Portrait painter (Rome, Bologna) ■ Exaggerated angles, use of color ● Sofonisba Anguissola (1532?-1624) ■ Renaissance and Baroque masters ■ Pictorial representations ■ Contrasts of dark and light 12.24 Lavinia Fontana, Noli Me Tangere, 1581, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy 12.25 Sofonisba Anguissola, A Game of Chess, 1555, National Museum in Poznan, Poland Mannerism ● Giovanni da Bologna (1529-1608) ■ Sculptor ■ Abduction of the Sabine Women ● El Greco (1541-1614) ■ Distortion of figures and ambiguous space ■ The Burial of the Count of Orgaz 12.27 El Greco, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, 1586, Santo Tome, Toledo, Spain Music in the Sixteenth Century Music at the Papal Court ! ● Sistine Choir and Julian Choir ■ Male voices, a capella ● Josquin des Prez (c. 1450-1521) ■ Sistine Choir, composer and director ■ Motet for four voices ■ Structure, balance, lyrical quality Music in the Sixteenth Century Music at the Papal Court ! ● Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594) ■ Choirmaster of capella Guilia (Julian choir) ■ 1571-1594 Vatican’s music director ■ Conservative masses in response to Catholic reform movement Music in the Sixteenth Century Venetian Music ! ● Adrian Willaert ■ Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli ● Church of St. Mark ■ Split choirs ■ Instrumental music in liturgy ■ Intonazione, toccata ● Intellectual influence of Italian humanism Music in the Sixteenth Century ! ● Roman music (Papal music) had a Renaissance sensibility ■ proportion, Classicism, and balance ! ● Venetian music ■ like the Venetian painters were more interested in color and emotion ! (see C&V, 8th, p. 419) Literature ● Leonardo da Vinci ■ 13,000 pages of notes ● Michaelangelo Buonarroti ■ Poetry ● Vittoria Colonna ● Baldassare Castiglione ■ The Book of the Courtier ● Veronica Franco ● Benvenuto Cellini 13.28 Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, 1514, Musee du Louvre, Paris, France Literature ● Baldassare Castiglione ■ The Book of the Courtier ■ Outlines what the ideal courtier should be like ■ see C&V pp. 421-421 ■ Criticized as being overly refined (C&V p. 421) ! ● Benvenuto Cellini ■ his auto biography shows us a far more violent and decadent way of life ■ see C&V pp. 425-427 ■ Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa - mannerist sculpture - smart history link .