OPERATIONAL LAW HANDBOOK INTERNATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL LAW DEPARTMENT THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL’S LEGAL CENTER & SCHOOL, U.S. ARMY CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 2013 OPERATIONAL LAW HANDBOOK 2013 MAJ William Johnson Editor Contributing Authors MAJ Alan Apple Maj Andrew Gillman, USAF LCDR Kelly Armstrong MAJ Jesse Greene MAJ Thomas Barrow MAJ William Johnson MAJ Candace Besherse LTC Charles Kirchmaier Maj Owen Bishop, USAF LtCol Brendan Klapak, USMC Lt Col Helen Bowman, ALS, UK MAJ Todd Lindquist MAJ John Brooker CDR James Mills, USN LTC Eric Carpenter LTC William Mullee Maj John Cherry, USMC LCDR Robert Pirone, USCG LTC Sean Condron MAJ Dan Stigall Mr. Doug Dribben MAJ Casey Thomas LTC Jerry Dunlap MAJ Joshua Van Eaton MAJ Matthew Festa LTC Scott VanSweringen LTC Baucum Fulk MAJ Winston Williams To all of the faculty who have served before us and contributed to the literature in the field of International and Operational Law Technical and Editing Support MAJ Wayne Roberts, Copy Editor Ms. Terri Thorne, Administrative Assistant JA 422 International and Operational Law Department The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 i PREFACE The Operational Law Handbook is a “how to” guide for Judge Advocates practicing operational law. It provides references and describes tactics and techniques for the practice of operational law. The Operational Law Handbook is not a substitute for official references. Like operational law itself, the Handbook is a focused collection of diverse legal and practical information. The handbook is not intended to provide “the school solution” to a particular problem, but to help Judge Advocates recognize, analyze, and resolve problems they will encounter in the operational context. The Handbook does not represent official U.S. policy regarding the binding application of varied sources of law. However, the Handbook it may reference source documents that do. The Handbook was designed and written for Judge Advocates practicing operational law. The size and contents of the Handbook are controlled by this focus. Frequently, the authors were forced to strike a balance between the temptation to include more information and the need to retain the Handbook in its current size and configuration. Simply put, the Handbook is made for the Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, Airmen, and Coast Guardsmen of the military Judge Advocate General’s Corps, who serve alongside their clients in the operational context. Accordingly, the Operational Law Handbook is compatible with current joint and combined doctrine. Unless otherwise stated, masculine pronouns apply to both men and women. The proponent for this publication is the International and Operational Law Department, The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School (TJAGLCS). Send comments, suggestions, and work product from the field to TJAGLCS, International and Operational Law Department, Attention: Major William Johnson, 600 Massie Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. To gain more detailed information or to discuss an issue with the author of a particular chapter or appendix call Major Johnson at DSN 521-3383; Commercial (434) 971-3383; or email [email protected]. The Operational Law Handbook is on the Internet at www.jagcnet.army.mil in both the Operational Law and CLAMO databases. The digital copies are particularly valuable research tools because they contain many hypertext links to the various treaties, statutes, DoD Directives/Instructions/Manuals, CJCS Instructions, Joint Publications, Army Regulations, and Field Manuals that are referenced in the text. To order copies of the Operational Law Handbook, please call CLAMO at DSN 521-3339; Commercial (434) 971-3339; or email [email protected]. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Legal Basis for the Use of Force ..............................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: The Law of Armed Conflict .....................................................................................9 Appendix A – Troop Information ......................................................................................41 Appendix B – Law of Armed Conflict Considerations in the Acquisition of Supplies and Services During Military Operations ...................................43 CHAPTER 3: International Human Rights Law .........................................................................45 CHAPTER 4: The Law of Armed Conflict Across the Conflict Spectrum ................................55 Appendix – Displaced Persons ..........................................................................................72 CHAPTER 5: Rules of Engagement ..............................................................................................75 Appendix A – SROE Extracts............................................................................................84 Appendix B – Sample ROE Cards .....................................................................................99 CHAPTER 6: Intelligence Law and Interrogation Operations .................................................105 CHAPTER 7: International Agreements and SOFAs ................................................................115 CHAPTER 8: Information Operations and Cyberspace Operations .......................................127 CHAPTER 9: Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) ..................................................149 CHAPTER 10: Sea, Air, and Space Law .....................................................................................155 CHAPTER 11: Detainee Operations ............................................................................................169 Appendix – Detainee Operations at the Point of Capture (“Five S’s and T”) .................180 CHAPTER 12: Domestic Operations ...........................................................................................181 Appendix A – Memo on DoD Training Support to Civilian Law Enforcement .............199 Appendix B – Nat’l Def Auth Act FY 2002 Excerpt – Counterdrug ..............................200 CHAPTER 13: Reserve Component Soldiers and Operations ..................................................203 CHAPTER 14: Fiscal Law ............................................................................................................209 Appendix – DoD Financial Management Regulation Extract .........................................245 CHAPTER 15: Contingency and Deployment Contracting ......................................................253 CHAPTER 16: Contingency Contractor Personnel ...................................................................273 CHAPTER 17: Emergency Essential Civilians Supporting Military Operations ...................287 CHAPTER 18: Foreign and Deployment Claims .......................................................................293 Appendix A – Assignment of Single-Service Responsibility for Tort Claims ................304 Appendix B – Unit Claims Officer Deployment Guide...................................................305 Appendix C – Deployment Claims Office Operation Outline .........................................312 Appendix D – Sample Deployment Pocket Claims Card ................................................315 Appendix E – Gulf Region Corps of Engineers SOP ......................................................317 CHAPTER 19: Environmental Law in Operations ....................................................................321 Appendix – Laws and Regulations ..................................................................................334 CHAPTER 20: Administrative Law in Operations ....................................................................337 iii Appendix – AR 15-6 Investigation Guide for Informal Investigations ...........................367 CHAPTER 21: Legal Assistance in Operations ..........................................................................377 Appendix – Deployed Legal Assistance Ready Box Checklist and References .............388 CHAPTER 22: Military Justic in Operations .............................................................................391 Appendix – General Orders .............................................................................................399 CHAPTER 23: Joint Operations U.S. Department of Defense ............................................................................................407 The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Joint Staff ..........................................................................411 U.S. Army……….. ..........................................................................................................415 U.S. Marine Corps ...........................................................................................................419 U.S. Navy…… .................................................................................................................425 U.S. Air Force.................................................................................................................. 429 U.S. Coast Guard .............................................................................................................433 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ..................................................................441 Multinational Operations .................................................................................................445 CHAPTER 24: The Military Decisionmaking Process and Operations Plans .........................455