Notes IN TRoD u c TI oN Patrick Collinson and John Craig I. J. S. Morrill, 7he Revolt qf7he Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War, 163(}--1650 (London, 1976; rev. edn, London, 1980). 2. See, for example, M. Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum (Oxford, 1933); A. C. Wood, Nottinghamshire in the Civil War (Oxford, 1937). 3. For a corrective to excessive 'localism', sec Clive Holmes, 'The County Community in Stuart Historiography', Journal qf British Studies, xI x ( 1980), and Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Wanvickshire, 162(}--1660 (Cam­ bridge, 1987); for the more recent master narrative, Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds), 7he Briti.rh Problem, c. 1534-1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago (Basingstoke, 1996), a trend critically appraised by, amongst others, Peter Lake, 'Retrospective: \Ventworth's Political \Vorld in Revisionist and Post­ Revisionist Perspective', inj. F. Merritt (cd.), 7he Political World qf Thomas Went­ worth, ~arl qf Strafford, 1621-1641 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 252-83. 4. A revised and updated version appeared in 1989. See also A. G. Dickens, Rfformation Studies (London, 1982) and further essays and studies in Late l'vfonasticism and the RifOrmation (London and Rio Grande, 1994). On English Reformation studies before and after 1964, see Rosemary O'Day, 7he Debate on the English Reformation (London and New York, 1986), and, more recently, Patrick Collinson, 'The English Reformation, 1945-1995', in Michael Bentley (ed.), 7he Writing qf History: A Companion to Historiography (London, 1997). 5. See especially the studies collected in Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509-- 1558 (Oxford, 1959; pbk. repr., London, 1982). 6. See some of the papers first read in these colloquia in Rosemary O'Day and Felicity Heal (eds), Continuity and Change: Personnel and Administration qf the Church in England, 1500-1642 (Leicester, 1976), Felicity Heal and Rosemary O'Day (eds), Church and Society in England Henry Vlll to James l (London and Basingstokc, 1977), Rosemary O'Day and Felicity Heal (eds), Princes and Paupers in the English Church, 150(}--1800 (Totowa, New Jersey, 1981 ). 7. Christopher Haigh, 'The Recent Historiography of the English Reforma­ tion', in Haigh (ed.), 7he English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 19 33; Christopher Haigh, 'The English Reformation: a Premature Birth, a Difficult Labour and a Sickly Child', Historical Journal, x x xI I 1 ( 1990), 449-59; Christo­ pher Haigh, English Reformations: Relzgion, Politics and Society under the Tudors (Oxford, 1993). Sec also J. J. Scarisbrick, 7he Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984). 8. See the self-explanatory Preface to Haigh's English RifOrmations. Professor Scarisbrick's credentials as a Roman Catholic historian arc not, of course, in doubt; nor those of Eamon Duffy, author of the most influential of revisionist accounts of what happened in the sixteenth century, 7he Stripping qf the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 140(}--c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992). 241 242 Notes But whereas Dr Duffy can only regret the Reformation, he appears resigned, as Dr Haigh is not, to its eventual success. 9. Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds), G'risis and Order in English Towns, 150D-1700: Essays in Urban History (London, 1972); P. Clark and P. Slack (eds), English Towns in Transition, 1500 1700 (Oxford, 1976); Alan Everitt (ed.), Perspectives in English Urban History (London and Basingstoke, 1973). Many of the more important articles inspired by this vogue are reprinted in Jonathan Barry (ed.), 1he Tudor and Stuart Town: A Reader in English Urban History, 153 (}-1688, in the series 'Readers in Urban History' (London, 1990). I 0. Charles Phythian-Adams, Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1979). II. Alan Dyer, Decline and Growth in English Towns, 140D-1640 (Cambridge, 1991) reviews the recent state of the question. An important contribution to the debate was the article by R. B. Dobson, 'Urban Decline in Late Medieval England', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. XXVII (1977). 12. Peter Borsay, 1he English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 166D-1770 (Oxford, 1989). Borsay posits 'a new wave of prosperity' from which 'cultural refinement and prestige' derived (p. viii). See also the essays collected in Peter Clark (ed.), The Transformation of F:nglish Provincial Towns (Lon­ don, 1984). 13. Peter Clark, '"The Ramoth-Gilead of the Good": Urban Change and Political Radicalism at Gloucester, 1540-1640', in Peter Clark, Alan G. R. Smith and Nicholas Tyacke (eds), The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640 (Leicester, I 979), pp. I 67 87; repr. in Barry (ed.), The Tudor and Stuart Town. I 4. Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Riformation: Three Essays, trans. H. C. E. Midelfort and M. U. Edwards (Philadelphia, 1972); Steven E. Ozment, The Rifarmation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Swit::.erland(New Haven and London, 1975). To be fair, Moeller and his school did not write a one-eyed religious account of the Reformation in the cities but linked the reception and appeal of Protestantism to the idea of community, or communal identity, in the late medieval city. But 'community' is evidently a 'religious' idea, if not a synonym for religion itself. 15. R. W. Scribner, 'Civic Unity and the Reformation in Erfurt', Past & Present, LXVI (1975), 29-60, repr. in Scribner, Papular Culture and Papular Move­ ments in Reformation Germany (London, 1987), pp. 185-216, together with 'Why Was There no Reformation in Cologne?', pp. 21 7 · 41, originally published in Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XLVIII (1975), 217-41. See also R. W. Scribner, 'Is There a Social History of the Reformation?', Social History, rv (1977), 483-505, and his 'Communalism: Universal Category or Ideological Construct? A Debate in the Historiography of Early Modern Germany and Switzerland', Historical Journal, XXXVII (1994), 199-207. Note the acknow­ ledged debt to Scribner in A. G. Dickens, 1he German Nation and Martin Luther (London, 1974), especially in Chapters 7-9, on the cities. The issue is further problematised by the introduction of gender in Lynda! Roper, The Ha!J' House­ hold, Women and Morals in Riformatian Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), and her '"The Common Man", "The Common Good", "Common Women": Gender and Meaning in the German Commune', Social History, x II ( 1987), 13-18. And see, most recently, P. ]. Broadhead, 'Guildsmen, Religious Reform and the Notes 243 Search for the Common Good: The Role of the Guilds in the Early Reforma­ tion in Augsburg', Historical]oumal, XXXIX (1996), 577~97. 16. Debora Shuger, Habits of Thought in the Anglish Renaissance: Religion, Politics and the Dominant Culture (Berkeley, 1990), pp . .'i 6. The second assertion is quoted from Frederic Jameson, 'Religion and Ideology: A Political Reading of Paradise Lost', in Literature, Politics and Theory, ed. Francis Barker et al. (London, 1986), p. 39. I 7. Beat Kumin, The Shaping of a Community: The Rise and Reformation of the English Parish c. 140o--J560 (Aldershot and Brockford, VT, 1996); John Craig, 'Co-operation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall', Social History, XVIII (1993), 357·80; Eric Carlson, 'The Origins, Functions and Status of the Office of Churchwarden with Parti­ cular Reference to the Diocese of Ely', in M. Spufford (ed.), The World of Rural Dissenters, 152o--J725 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 164~207; Henry French, 'Chief Inhabitants and their Areas of Influence: Local Ruling Groups in Essex and Suffolk Parishes, 1630-1 720', Cambridge PhD thesis, 1993. 18. Phythian-Adams, Desolation of a City, pp. 7 4-9, 158 · 79; David Harris Sacks, 'The Demise of the Martyrs: The Feasts of St Clement and St Katherine in Bristol, 1400~1600', Social History, XI (1986), 141~69; David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic f~conomy, 1450 1700 (Berkeley, 1981 ), pp. 1~15. 19. Of particular interest for our purposes are the volumes devoted to Chester, Coventry, Norwich and York. See the 'Suggestions for Further Read­ ing' appended to Patrick Collinson's essay in this volume. 20. Harold C. Gardiner, i\1ysteries' End: An Investigation of the Last Days of the Medieval Religious Stage (New Haven, 1946); Patrick Collinson, 'The Protestant Town' and 'Protestant Culture and the Cultural Rsvolution', in his The Birth­ pangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Basingstoke, 1988), pp. 28~59, 94~ 126; Patrick Collinson, 'Elizabethan andjacobean Puritanism as Forms of Popular Religious Culture', in C. Durston and J. Eales (eds), The Culture rif English Puritanism, 1560 1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 32~.) 7. 21. D. M. Palliser, Tudor York (Oxford, 1979), csp. Ch. 9, 'Religion and the Reformation'. 22. Patrick Carter's essay, ch. 8 in this volume. 23. Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Exeter, 154o--1640 ( 1958; Open University Set Book, Cambridge, MA, and London, 1975), pp. 196~7. 24. See Robert Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns in England (forthcoming). See also Victor Morgan, 'The Elizabethan Shirehouse at Norwich', with refer­ ences to the literature on the :'IJorwich Guildhall, in Carole Rawcliffe, Roger Virgoe and Richard Wilson (eds), Counties and Communities: Essays on ArlSt Anglian History Presented to Hassell Smith (:"Jorwich, 1996), pp. 149 -60; and a forthcoming essay by Dr Morgan on 'Civic Fame in Renaissance Norwich'. 25. See the short essay 'Anticlericalism, Catholic and Protestant', added by Dickens to the 1989 edn of his English Reformation, summarising his 'The Shape of Anticlericalism and the English Reformation', in Late Monasticism and the Reformation, pp. 151 ~ 75. For the opposed views of Christopher Haigh, see his 'Anticlericalism and the English Reformation', in The English 244 JVotes Reformation Revised, pp.