SERA TR-056-12-02c Bifenthrin: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Final Report Submitted to: Dr. Harold Thistle USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team 180 Canfield St. Morgantown, WV 26505 Email: [email protected] USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-12-0009 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-3187-D-14-0147 SERA Internal Task No. 56-12 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 8125 Solomon Seal Manlius, New York 13104 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com August 26, 2015 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... vii ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. viii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... xi CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .......................................................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Chemical Specific Information ............................................................................................ 1 1.2. General Information ............................................................................................................. 3 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Overview .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Chemical Description and Commercial Formulations ......................................................... 6 2.3. Application Methods ............................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1. Leaf Beetles ................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.2. Bark Beetles ................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.3. Termite Control (Soil Applications) ........................................................................... 10 2.4. Mixing and Application Rates ........................................................................................... 11 2.4.1. Leaf Beetles ................................................................................................................ 11 2.4.2. Bark Beetles ................................................................................................................ 12 2.5. Use Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 13 3. HUMAN HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 14 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 14 3.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action .................................................................................................. 14 3.1.3. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ............................................................................. 15 3.1.3.1. General Considerations ............................................................................................ 15 3.1.3.2. Absorption ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.3.2.1. First-Order Dermal Absorption ......................................................................... 16 3.1.3.2.2. Zero-Order Dermal Absorption ......................................................................... 17 3.1.3.3. Excretion................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity .................................................................................................... 19 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects .......................................................... 20 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System ......................................................................................... 21 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System ......................................................................................... 21 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System ...................................................................................... 22 3.1.9. Reproductive and Developmental Effects .................................................................. 23 3.1.9.1. Developmental Studies ............................................................................................. 23 ii 3.1.9.2. Reproduction Studies................................................................................................ 24 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity ............................................................................ 24 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes) ...................................... 25 3.1.11.1. Skin Irritation.......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.11.2. Skin Sensitization ................................................................................................... 25 3.1.11.3. Ocular Effects ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure ....................................................... 26 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure .................................................................................................. 27 3.1.14. Other Ingredients and Adjuvants .............................................................................. 28 3.1.14.1. Other Ingredients .................................................................................................... 28 3.1.14.2. Adjuvants ................................................................................................................ 29 3.1.15. Impurities and Metabolites ....................................................................................... 29 3.1.16. Toxicological Interactions ........................................................................................ 30 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 31 3.2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2. Workers ....................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.1. General Exposures .................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.1.1. Foliar Application .............................................................................................. 31 3.2.2.1.2. Bark Application ............................................................................................... 32 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures ............................................................................................... 33 3.2.3. General Public ........................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3.1. General Considerations ............................................................................................ 34 3.2.3.1.1. Likelihood and Magnitude of Exposure ............................................................ 34 3.2.3.1.2. Summary of Assessments .................................................................................. 34 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray .............................................................................................................. 35 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation ................................................... 36 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ................................................................................................. 36 3.2.3.4.1. Accidental Spill ................................................................................................. 36 3.2.3.4.2. Accidental Direct Spray/drift for a Pond or Stream .......................................... 38 3.2.3.4.3. GLEAMS Modeling .......................................................................................... 38 3.2.3.4.4. Other Modeling Efforts ..................................................................................... 39 3.2.3.4.5. Monitoring Data ................................................................................................ 40 3.2.3.4.6. Concentrations in Water Used for Risk Assessment ......................................... 40 3.2.3.5. Oral Exposure from