Staffordshire County-wide Renewable / Low Carbon Energy Study Presented to: The Councils of Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield District, Newcastle Borough, Stafford Borough, Staffordshire County, Staffordshire Moorlands, South Staffordshire and Tamworth Author: Robert Clark, Luke Purse and Duncan Price Date: 1 September 2010 Reference no. 002685 Version: Document type: Report Client: The Councils of Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield District, Newcastle Borough, Stafford Borough, Staffordshire County, Staffordshire Moorlands, South Staffordshire and Tamworth Client contact: Sarah Jones, Ian Wykes Other details: File name: Staffordshire_LDF Evidence Base Report_V6_ISSUED Report: Final: 1 September 2010 Authors: Robert Clark, Luke Purse and Duncan Price Signature ........................................................... (hard copy only) Date: ........................................................... (hard copy only) QA: Duncan Price Signature ........................................................... (hard copy only) Date: ........................................................... (hard copy only) Author contact details Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0114 2257482 Disclaimer: This report has been prepared for the above named client for the purpose agreed in Camco's terms of engagement. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and suitability of the information contained in this report, the results and recommendations presented should not be used as the basis of design, management or implementation of decisions unless the client has first discussed with Camco their suitability for these purposes and Camco has confirmed their suitability in writing to the client. Camco does not warrant, in any way whatsoever, the use of information contained in this report by parties other than the above named client. Contents 1 Non-technical summary .................................................................................... 5 1.1 Policy overview ................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Carbon standards for new development .............................................................. 6 1.3 Potential for low carbon / renewable energy generation ...................................... 7 2 Technical Summary ........................................................................................ 10 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Current and Future Energy Consumption .......................................................... 11 2.3 Existing and Proposed Renewable Energy Capacity ......................................... 12 2.4 Low carbon policies and targets ........................................................................ 12 2.5 Zero Carbon definition ....................................................................................... 13 2.6 Renewable energy assessment ........................................................................ 14 2.7 New build development –carbon standards ....................................................... 19 2.8 Policy Recommendations .................................................................................. 23 2.9 Non-Planning Delivery Mechanisms .................................................................. 25 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Study Area Context ........................................................................................... 26 3.2 Aims and objectives of this report ...................................................................... 34 3.3 Structure of report ............................................................................................. 34 4 Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions ............................................... 36 4.1 Current energy consumption ............................................................................. 36 4.2 Spatial distribution of heat consumption ............................................................ 38 4.3 Breakdown of 2007 emissions baseline by fuel type and sector ........................ 46 4.4 Projected energy consumption .......................................................................... 47 5 Existing and Proposed Renewable Energy Capacity ................................... 49 6 Low Carbon Policy and Targets ..................................................................... 55 6.1 Emerging National Policy .................................................................................. 55 6.2 Regional Planning Policy ................................................................................... 64 7 Assessing local potential for Decentralised Generation .............................. 67 7.1 General approach to understanding the potential for the technology / application classifications .................................................................................. 67 7.2 Wind energy generation analysis ...................................................................... 68 7.3 Hydro energy .................................................................................................... 77 7.4 Biomass energy ................................................................................................ 78 8 New Build Development- low carbon energy potential and carbon standards ......................................................................................................... 82 8.2 New development carbon standards ................................................................. 89 8.3 Examining Policy Viability ................................................................................ 104 8.4 Worked examples – site energy strategies ..................................................... 105 8.5 Estimating the Low and Zero Carbon energy supply impact of new development ................................................................................................... 107 9 Existing Buildings – low carbon energy potential ...................................... 110 Staffordshire County-wide Low Carbon / Renewable Energy Study 2 10 Results, benchmarking and targets for energy generation ........................ 111 10.1 Local Benchmarking of targets ........................................................................ 111 10.2 Results by authority ......................................................................................... 113 10.3 Study area results and target setting ............................................................... 130 10.4 Energy opportunity mapping............................................................................ 133 11 Recommendations for Local Development Framework Policies ............... 135 11.1 New development ........................................................................................... 135 11.2 Existing development ...................................................................................... 138 11.3 Decentralised Generation ................................................................................ 140 11.4 Other recommendations .................................................................................. 140 11.5 Recommendations for monitoring and enforcing targets.................................. 141 12 Non-Planning Delivery Mechanisms ............................................................ 146 12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 146 12.2 Coordinating the development of low carbon infrastructure ............................. 146 12.3 Financing low carbon infrastructure ................................................................. 148 12.4 Councils leading by example ........................................................................... 150 13 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 151 Figures: Figure 1 Energy Opportunities Map ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 2 Annual per capita energy consumption in each of the authorities ................................... 12 Figure 3 Benchmarking of supply potential for renewable energy ................................................. 19 Figure 4: Image of study area ........................................................................................................ 27 Figure 6: CO 2 emissions for 2007 (Source: DECC NI186 data release) ....................................... 37 Figure 7: Per capita CO 2 emissions, 2007 (Source: DECC NI186 release) .................................. 38 Figure 8: Total (Domestic, Commercial & Industrial) heat demand per square kilometre (MWh/yr/km 2) .................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 9: Domestic heat demand per square kilometre (MWh/yr/km 2) .......................................... 41 Figure 10: Spatial heat density distribution and identified SHLAA sites ........................................ 43 Figure 11: Number non-gas connected dwellings (MSOA level) ................................................... 45 Figure 12: Source of thermal and electrical energy from commercial and industrial sources ...... 46 Figure 13: Source of thermal