Page i PILGRIMAGE From the Ganges to Graceland Page ii Also by David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson A Drizzle of Honey: The Lives and Recipes of Spain’s Secret Jews The Pilgrimage Road to Santiago: The Complete Cultural Handbook Also by David M. Gitlitz La estructura lírica de la comedia de Lope de Vega Francisco de Quevedo: Songs of Love, Death and In Between Critical Perspectives on Calderón de la Barca, ed. (with Frederick A. de Armas and José A. Madrigal) Beware of Still Waters (Guárdate del agua mansa) Fenisa’s Hook, or Fenisa the Hooker (El anzuelo de Fenisa) Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto­Jews Los Arias Dávila de Segovia: entre la iglesia y la sinagoga The Best Boy in Spain (El mejor mozo de España) Also by Linda Kay Davidson (with Maryjane Dunn) Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages: A Research Guide The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela: A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays The Miracles of Saint James: Translations from the Liber Sancti Jacobi (with Thomas Coffey) Page iii PILGRIMAGE From the Ganges to Graceland An Encyclopedia Linda Kay Davidson and David M. Gitlitz Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Page iv Copyright © 2002 Linda Kay Davidson and David M. Gitlitz All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging­in ­Publication Data Davidson, Linda Kay. Pilgrimage : from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia / Linda Kay Davidson and David M. Gitlitz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1­57607­004­2 (alk. paper) 1. Pilgrims and pilgrimages—Encyclopedias. I. Gitlitz, David M. (David Martin) II. Title. BL619.P5 D38 2002 291.3'51'03—dc21 2002010119 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e­book. Visit http://www.abc­clio.com for details. ABC­CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116­1911 This book is printed on acid­free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America Page v The pilgrims speak in fits and starts of what throbs in their heads and hearts; the seer, for all his delving arts, is left outside. Some crave the crowd, some march alone, some walk to seek the self unknown; some to attune, some to atone, and some to hide. Some probe the deserts for a cure, some scale high mountains to ensure their souls a sacred sinecure; some walk to rest. Pilgrim, divinity’s design is masked. Take up your staff. Define your road as church, your love as shrine, your life as quest. —David M. Gitlitz, 2001 Page vi This page intentionally left blank Page vii Contents Acknowledgments, xv Introduction, xvii Note to the Readers, xxv List of Maps, xxvii Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland A Aachen (Westphalia, Germany) 1 ‘Abd al­Qadir al­Jilani (Baghdad, Iraq) 1 ‘Abd al­Rahman, Muhammad ibn 1 Ablution 2 Abu Serga and the Holy Family (Cairo, Egypt) 3 Acre (Israel) 4 Activities during Pilgrimage 5 Activities in Preparation for Pilgrimage 7 Activities Prohibited during Pilgrimage 9 Adam 9 Adam’s Peak (Sri Lanka) 10 Ādi Granth 10 African Religions and Pilgrimage 11 Ahmed Yasavi Mausoleum (Turkistan, Kazakhstan) 13 Ajanta and Ellora Caves (Maharashtra, India) 13 Ajmer (Rajasthan, India) 15 Ajodhya (Uttar Pradesh, India) 16 Aksum (Ethiopia) 17 Alamo (San Antonio, Texas) 18 Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) 19 al­Hamil (Algeria) 21 Aliyah 21 Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh, India) 21 Althorp Estate (Great Brington, Northampton, England) 23 Altötting (Bavaria, Germany) 24 Amarnath Cave (Jammu and Kashmir, India) 25 Amber Fort (Jaipur, Rajasthan, India) 26 An Najaf­e­Ashraf and al­Kufa (Iraq) 26 Anandpur (Punjab, India) 27 Ancestor Worship and Pilgrimage 28 Andacollo (IV Región, Chile) 28 Andean Religions and Pilgrimage (South America) 29 Angkor Wat (Siem Reap Province, Kampuchea) 30 Animism and Pilgrimage 32 Anit Kabir (Ankara, Turkey) 33 Anthony of Egypt, Saint 34 Antipolo (Rizal Province, Philippines) 35 Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) 36 Aparecida (São Paulo, Brazil) 38 Apparitions 38 Arāmgāh­é Ester va Mōrdekhāy (Hamadān, Iran) 40 Arremdt (Morocco) 41 ‘Ashūrā 42 Aśoka 42 Assisi (Umbria, Italy) 43 Auriesville (New York) 45 Avukana (N. Central Province, Sri Lanka) 46 B Baba Sali (Netivot, Israel) 47 Badrinath (Uttar Pradesh, India) 48 Baha’i World Center (Haifa, Israel) 48 Baha’ism and Pilgrimage 49 Bāmiyān (Bāmiyān, Afghanistan) 50 Page viii Banneux (Sprimont, Belgium) 51 Ban­Yatra 52 Barakah 52 Bari (Apulia, Italy) 52 Basilica de Bom Jesus (Goa, India) 53 Bath (Somerset, England) 54 Bear Butte (South Dakota) 55 Beauraing (Namur, Belgium) 56 Benjamin of Tudela 57 Betancur, Pedro de San José (Antigua, Guatemala) 58 Betania (Miranda, Venezuela) 59 Bethlehem (Palestinian Authority) 60 Bhubaneswar (Orissa, India) 62 Bighorn Medicine Wheel (Wyoming) 63 Blessings 64 Bodh Gayā (Bihar, India) 65 Bom Jesus (Braga, Portugal) 67 Bom Jesus da Lapa (Bahía, Brazil) 68 Bordeaux Pilgrim 69 Borobudur (Java, Indonesia) 69 Brendan, Saint (Ireland) 70 Buddhism and Pilgrimage 71 Bunce Island (Sierra Leone) 74 C Cahokia Mounds (Illinois) 75 Cahuachi (Ica, Peru) 77 Cairo (Egypt) 77 Cámara Santa (Oviedo, Asturias, Spain) 79 Canterbury (Kent, England) 79 Canterbury Tales 81 Cao Dai Holy See (Tay Ninh Province, Vietnam) 82 Carnac (Brittany, France) 84 Cartago (Costa Rica) 85 Cartography and Pilgrimage 86 Cave of Eileithyia (Herakleion Prefecture, Crete, Greece; Elis, Olympia, Greece) 89 Cave of Machpelah (Hebron, Palestinian Authority) 89 Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Dunhuang, Gansu Province, China) 91 Cenote 91 Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) 92 Chalma (Mexico City, Mexico) 93 Chalpón Cross (Motupe, Peru) 96 Chamundi Hill (Karnataka, India) 96 Ch’ao­shan­chin­hsiang 98 Charity and Pilgrimage 98 Chartres (Eure­et­Loir, France) 99 Chavín de Huántar (Ancash, Peru) 102 Chichén Itzá (Yucatán, Mexico) 102 Chimayó (New Mexico) 104 Chogyesa (Seoul, South Korea) 106 Cholula (Puebla, Mexico) 106 Chorfa Mosque (Fès, Morocco) 107 Chorten 107 Chouri, Chayim 108 Christ of the Hills Monastery (New Sarov, Texas) 109 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter­Day Saints and Pilgrimage 109 Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem, Israel) 111 Circumambulation 113 Clothing and Pilgrimage 114 Cologne (Nordrhein­Westfalen, Germany) 116 Communitas 116 Confraternities 117 Confucianism and Pilgrimage 119 Consolatrice (Luxembourg) 120 Constantinople (Turkey) 120 Convent of Saint George (Cairo, Egypt) 122 Conyers (Georgia) 123 Copacabana (La Paz, Bolivia) 123 Cordoban Mosque (Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain) 125 Corinth (Peloponnese, Greece) 126 Credentials 127 Criticism of Pilgrimage 127 Croagh Patrick (County Mayo, Ireland) 129 Cross in the Woods (Indian River, Michigan) 131 Crusades as Pilgrimage 131 Cuzco (Peru) 132 Cyberpilgrimage 134 Czestochowa (Jasna Gora, Poland) 135 D Däbrä Libanos (Ethiopia) 139 Damascus (Syria) 139 Dance and Pilgrimage 142 Daoism and Pilgrimage 144 Darb al­Hajj 145 Dargah 145 Darshan 145 David u­Moshe (Timzerit, Morocco; Safed, Israel) 145 Delos (Cyclades, Greece) 147 Delphi (Phocis, Greece) 148 Page ix Dham 149 Dharmashala 150 Dharmastala (Karnataka, India) 150 Divine Comedy 150 Downpatrick (County Down, Ulster, Ireland) 151 Dwarka (Gujarat, India) 151 E Eastern Orthodoxy and Pilgrimage 153 Economics and Pilgrimage 155 Egeria 158 Einsiedeln (Schwyz, Switzerland) 159 Ekuphakameni (South Africa) 160 El Cajas (Cuenca, Ecuador) 160 El Cobre (Santiago, Cuba) 161 El Faiyûm (Egypt) 162 El Rincón Sanctuary (Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba) 162 Eleusinian Mysteries 163 Ema 165 Emei Shan (Sichuan Province, China) 165 Emerald Buddha (Bangkok, Thailand) 166 Ennin 167 Enquaua, Ephraim (Tlemcen, Algeria) 168 Enryakuji Monastery (Kyōto Prefecture, Japan) 169 Ephesus (Selçuk, Turkey) 169 Epidaurus (Attica, Greece) 171 Erawan (Bangkok, Thailand) 172 Esquipulas (Chiquimula, Guatemala) 173 Ethnicity and Pilgrimage 175 Externsteine (Westphalia, Germany) 177 Ex­Votos 177 Eyüp Camii (Istanbul, Turkey) 180 F Fa­hsien 181 Fátima (Cova da Iria, Portugal) 181 Faustina Kowalska, Saint 184 Five Mountains (China) 184 G Galilee (Israel) 187 Gallipoli (Çanakkale, Turkey) 190 Gandhi, Mohandas (New Delhi, India) 191 Gangotri (Uttar Pradesh, India) 192 Garabandal (Santander, Spain) 193 Gaya (Bihar, India) 194 Gazargah (Herāt, Afghanistan) 194 Gender and Pilgrimage 195 Gettysburg Battlefield (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania) 197 Ghana Slave Forts (Ghana) 198 Gilgamesh Epic 198 Glastonbury and Glastonbury Tor (Somerset, England) 199 Glendalough (County Wicklow, Ireland) 201 Gniezno (Poznan, Poland) 202 Go­eika 203 Gold Star Pilgrimage (United States) 203 Goree Island (Senegal) 203 Graceland (Memphis, Tennessee) 204 Grateful Dead 206 Greek Religion and Pilgrimage 207 Grief Shrines 209 Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes (Skaro, Alberta, Canada) 211 Guadalupe (Cáceres, Spain) 211 Guadalupe (Tepeyac, Mexico City, Mexico) 212 Guanare (Portuguesa, Venezuela) 214 Guápulo (Quito, Ecuador) 214 Guidebooks and Manuals 214 Guides 217 H Hacibektas (Konya, Turkey) 219 Haji ‘Alī (Mumbai, India) 220 Hajj 220 Hajji 225 Hakkafot 226 Har Mandir (Amritsar, Punjab, India) 226 Harer (Harargē, Ethiopia) 227 Haridwar (Uttar Pradesh, India) 228 Hasedera (Nara Prefecture, Japan) 229 Hazards of Pilgrimage 230 Heiligenkreuz