The Image of Tourism Destinations: A Case of Dracula Tourism By Maria Banyai A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies – Tourism Policy and Planning Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Maria Banyai 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-56005-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-56005-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Destination image is a concept created by different demand and supply agents. The balance between what is expected and what is being delivered is essential in promoting the destination. The main goal of this study is to describe the different destination images related to Dracula tourism in Transylvania. This is accomplished by looking at the Western tourists’ expectations and demands as expressed in their travel blogs, and by analyzing the supply side through the elicitation of information from locals and Bran Castle tour guides through qualitative interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the content, visual and audio information on sampled blogs and interviews. This method identified 11 different themes which captured the overall destination image. The themes focused primarily on historical and fictional images of the destination, on the type of tourists visiting Bran Castle, but also on the locals’ image and response to Dracula tourism. The findings of this study reveal that the majority of Western bloggers visit Bran in search for Count Dracula; however, the Bran Castle tour guides focus on presenting the historical truth. Local residents, although seeing Dracula as a national hero, sometimes adopt the mythical image as a marketing or product development tactic in selling to visitors. Nevertheless, the stakeholders involved in the creation of the image each fit into different destination image frameworks, allowing for the creation of an overall destination image based on historical and fictional elements. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my husband for his sacrifices, support and encouragement during the completion of my thesis. He has been a strong pillar during the many months of juggling motherhood with school. I would also like to thank my parents who always had confidence in me and my abilities. Second, many thanks to my supervisor Dr. Stephen Smith whose patience and guidance have helped me carry out each step of this journey. I would also like to thank my committee member, Dr. Mark Havitz, for his time and suggestions. Lastly, thank you to my friend and RA, Anemona Hermeneanu, who has gone to great lengths to help me gather the data needed to complete this study. Thank you deeply to all of you! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................VIII CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PURPOSE STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 RESEARCH GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS.............................................................................. 3 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY.................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 THE STUDY CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Historical, Literary, and Film Background ............................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Dracula Tourism......................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 12 2.1 DESTINATION IMAGE ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Definition................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Frameworks of Destination Image Formation ........................................................................ 16 2.1.3 Image Formation Agents .......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Blogging as an Image Formation Agent.................................................................................. 24 2.2 DESTINATION IMAGE AUTHENTICITY .............................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Objectivist View......................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Subjectivist View – Tourists’ Perception of Authenticity......................................................... 29 2.2.3 Determinants of Authenticity.................................................................................................... 31 2.3 IMAGERY AND AUTHENTICITY ......................................................................................................... 33 2.3.1 The Case of Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables ................................................................. 34 2.3.2 The Case of Mackinac Island ................................................................................................... 38 2.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................................... 42 3.1 STRATEGY OF INQUIRY ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 RESEARCH SITE................................................................................................................................. 43 3.3 DATA SAMPLE AND COLLECTION PROCEDURE ............................................................................... 44 3.4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................... 50 3.5 QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS.................................................................................................. 53 3.5.1 Analysis of Blogs....................................................................................................................... 55 3.5.2 Analysis of Locals’ Interviews .................................................................................................. 58 3.5.3 Credibility, Reliability and Validity .......................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER FOUR – THE BLOGS ........................................................................................................... 62 4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................