Asiatic Russia Although the Russian Empire has traditionally been viewed as a European borderland, most of its territory was actually situated in Asia. Imperial power was huge but often suffered from a lack of enough information and resources to rule its culturally diverse subjects, and asymmetric relations between state and society combined with flexible strategies of local actors sometimes produced unexpected results. In Asiatic Russia, an international team of scholars explores the interactions between power and people in Central Asia, Siberia, the Volga-Urals, and the Caucasus from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, drawing on a wealth of Russian archival materials and Turkic, Persian, and Tibetan sources. The variety of top- ics discussed in the book includes the Russian idea of a “civilizing mission,” the system of governor-generalships, imperial geography and demography, roles of Muslim and Buddhist networks in imperial rule and foreign policy, social change in the Russian Protectorate of Bukhara, Muslim reformist and national movements. The book is essential reading for students and scholars of Russian, Central Eur- asian, and comparative imperial history, as well as imperial and colonial studies and nationalism studies. It may also provide some hints for understanding today’s world, where “empire” has again become a key word in international and domestic power relations. UYAMA Tomohiko is professor at the Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido Univer- sity. He specializes in the history of the Russian Empire and contemporary politics in Central Asia, and is the editor of Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia (2007) andNot co-editor of Japan’sfor Silk Distribution Road Diplomacy (2008). SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd i 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:151:52:15 AAMM New Horizons in Islamic Studies (Second Series) Founding Editor: Professor SATO Tsugitaka Series Editor: Professor YUKAWA Takeshi This second series of “New Horizons in Islamic Studies” presents the abundant results of the National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU) program for Islamic Area Studies (IAS) carried out in Japan from 2006 to date. This program emphasizes multidisciplinary research on the dynamism of Muslim societies, in both Islamic and non-Islamic areas around the world. By taking a historical approach and adopting regional comparison methods in the study of current issues, the program seeks to build a framework of empirical knowledge on Islam and Islamic Civilization. Islamic Area Studies is a network comprised of five research centers, at Waseda Univer- sity, the University of Tokyo, Sophia University, Kyoto University, and the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library). As of 2008, this network has been brought into the fold of a Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) program, with the Orga- nization for Islamic Area Studies at Waseda University serving as its central office. As research centers recognized by the MEXT, we aim to promote the development of joint research institutions in the human and social sciences, thereby further developing fruitful joint research achievements. This publication of the results of our IAS joint research has and will have been made possible through the collaborative efforts of the five IAS centers, and with the financial assistance of the NIHU and the MEXT. The Moral Economy of the Madrasa Islam and education today Edited by SAKURAI Keiko and Fariba Adelkhah Asiatic Russia Imperial power in regional and international contexts Edited by UYAMA Tomohiko Previously published in the New Horizons in Islamic Studies series Persian Documents Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Social historyNot of Iran and Turanfor in the Distribution Transmission, transformation and fifteenth–nineteenth centuries communication Edited by KONDO Nobuaki Edited by Stephanie Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu & Yasushi Kosugi Islamic Area Studies with Geographical Information Systems Popular Movements and Democratization Edited by OKABE Atsuyuki in the Islamic World Edited by Masatoshi KISAICHI Muslim Societies Historical and comparative aspects Edited by SATO Tsugitaka SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd iiii 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:411:52:41 AAMM Asiatic Russia Imperial power in regional and international contexts Edited by UYAMA Tomohiko Not for Distribution SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd iiiiii 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM First published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business © 2012 UYAMA Tomohiko for selection and editorial matter, individual contributors; their contributions The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN 978–0–415–61537–2 (hbk) ISBN 978–0–203–63874–3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Printed and bound in Great Britain by Not for Distribution SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd iivv 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM Since the publication of the last volume in the series, the original editor Prof. SATO Tsugitaka has passed away. His dedication and vision for the series will be missed by all who were privileged to work with him. Not for Distribution SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd v 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM Not for Distribution SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd vvii 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM Contents Contributors ix Preface xii Maps xiv Introduction 1 UYAMA Tomohiko PART I Russia’s eastern expansion: its “mission” and the Tatars’ intermediary role 11 1 The Russian Empire’s civilizing mission in the eighteenth century: A comparative perspective 13 Ricarda VULPIUS 2 Tatarskaia Kargala in Russia’s eastern policies 32 HAMAMOTO Mami 3 The Russian Empire and the intermediary role of Tatars in Kazakhstan: the politics of cooperation and rejection 52 Gulmira SULTANGALIEVA PART II Not for Distribution Taming space and people: institutions and demography 81 4 Intra-bureaucratic debate on the institution of Russian governors-general in the mid-nineteenth century 83 MATSUZATO Kimitaka 5 Colonization and “Russification” in the imperial geography of Asiatic Russia: from the nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries 102 Anatolii REMNEV SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd vviiii 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM viii Contents 6 Empire and demography in Turkestan: numbers and the politics of counting 129 Sergei ABASHIN PART III Russian power projected beyond its borders 151 7 Russo-Chinese trade through Central Asia: regulations and reality 153 NODA Jin 8 Muslim networks, imperial power, and the local politics of Qajar Iran 174 Robert D. CREWS 9 Sunni–Shi‘i relations in the Russian protectorate of Bukhara, as perceived by the local ‘ulama 189 KIMURA Satoru 10 The open and secret diplomacy of Tsarist and Soviet Russia in Tibet: the role of Agvan Dorzhiev (1912–1925) 216 Nikolay TSYREMPILOV PART IV Asiatic Russia as a space for national movements 235 11 Muslim political activity in Russian Turkestan, 1905–1916 237 Salavat ISKHAKOV 12 On the cultural front lines: Muslim reformers and communities in late imperial Russia 252 James H. MEYER 13 The Alash Orda’s relations with Siberia, the Urals and Turkestan: the KazakhNot national for movement Distribution and the Russian imperial legacy 271 UYAMA Tomohiko Index 288 SSW_357_Prelims.inddW_357_Prelims.indd vviiiiii 77/19/2011/19/2011 111:52:421:52:42 AAMM Contributors Sergei ABASHIN is a senior researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropol- ogy, Russian Academy of Sciences. He specializes in anthropology of Central Asia. His publications include Natsionalizmy v Srednei Azii: v poiskakh iden- tichnosti [Nationalisms in Central Asia: in search of identity] (St. Petersburg, 2007); Tsentral'naia Aziia v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii [Central Asia as Part of the Russian Empire] (Moscow, 2008: co-editor and author); and “The Logic of Islamic Practice: A Religious Conflict in Central Asia,” Central Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (2006). Robert D. CREWS is associate professor at the Department of History, Stanford University. He specializes in the history of the Russian Empire, especially Cen- tral Asia and the Caucasus. His publications include For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA, 2006); and The Taliban and the Crisis of Modern Afghanistan (Cambridge, MA, 2008: co-editor and author). HAMAMOTO Mami is a research fellow at the University of Tokyo. She specializes in the history of Muslims in Russia from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Her publications include