What is Civilization? Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit One BE • What is an 'Ice Age'? • The term ice age refers to a period of time in which the surface of the earth is covered with sheets of ice called glaciers. • This does not mean that earth is one big snowball for an entire ice age. • While this happens on occasion, most ice ages are made up of a series of warm and cold spells. • In cold periods of glaciation, glaciers extend from poles toward the equator. And in warm periods of interglaciation, the glaciers retreat back to the poles. • So while the term ice age might bring to mind images of wooly mammoths and saber-toothed tigers, it is important to remember that we are currently in an ice age, and have been for about 2.8 million years. • We just happen to be in a period of interglaciation. • Ice ages create new challenges for life by significantly altering the environment in which life forms compete. • Ice ages lower the world's temperature, making it hard for cold-blooded animals to survive. • Ice ages also tend to make the world a drier place by locking up the moisture in ice. * What is an ‘Ice Age'? • This makes it difficult for plants to survive on land. This, in turn, makes it very difficult for land-dwelling animals to find food. • Yet these challenges also present new opportunities. • Mammals owe their current primacy to ice ages wiping out much of their competition. And while most primates suffered from the reduction of lush rainforests into arid grasslands, one sub-branch of this family would abandon the protection of trees to wander the earth in search of food. • These were the first hominids, ancestors of modern humans. * The Great Flood • The Great Flood myth has been around for over eight millennia. Could it be more than a myth? What could have caused such a flood, and what effects has it had on humans? • The Story of Noah and the Ark • Most of us are familiar with the tale of Noah and the flood. For those of you who aren't, here's a quick recap. • God is mad at humanity and decides to wipe us all out by flooding the earth. The only person God doesn't seem to hate is Noah, so He warns Noah of the impending flood. * The Great Flood • God orders Noah to build an ark, providing specific instructions about the dimensions and materials to be used. In the ark, Noah is to gather his family and two of every animal. • Noah does as he is told. He builds the ark, gathers his family and marches all the animals on board two by two. Then, it starts to rain. • God makes it rain for 40 days and 40 nights, flooding the earth. Noah, his family and the animals he gathered are the only survivors. • After the rains had stopped, Noah released a raven, which never returned. Seven days later, Noah released a dove, which returned having found nothing to land on. Seven days after that, Noah released the dove again. This time it returned with a sprig of olive. Another seven days and Noah released the dove. It never returned. Another seven days and Noah released the dove one last time. It never returned. • Noah knew this meant the dove had found land. The waters subsided and the ark landed on a mountain. Noah, his family and the animals left the ark, and God promised never to flood the earth again. And he left us the rainbow as a sign of this covenant. • Neat story, yes? But what if it's not just a story? * The Great Flood • Other Flood Myths • What if I were to tell you that this story shows up across numerous cultures, spaced across much of the world? • We find a similar tale in one of the oldest myths recorded, the Atra-Hasis, a Sumerian myth written on clay tablets more than 1,000 years before the story of Noah, around 1800 BC. • The myth tells how Atrahasis, the hero of the story, was warned by the God Enki of the Goddess Enlil's plan to flood the earth. • In this version, it was not man's wickedness that drove the gods to flood the earth. It was simply an attempt to control the human population, which they thought was growing out of control. • Enki also tells Atrahasis to build an ark, and gives him almost the exact same instructions even down to the materials and dimensions. • Atrahasis builds the ark, boards it with his family and a bunch of animals, and survives the flood. • This story is found again in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, written eight centuries later, also on clay tablets. * The Great Flood • Other Flood Myths • Here, the similarities to Noah run even deeper. Like before, a god, Ea this time, tells the hero, Utnapishtim, to build a massive ark and bring into it his family and all the animals of the field. • The gods then flood the earth to punish humans for their sinful ways. The storm lasts for six days and six nights, and wipes out the rest of the human race. • Like Noah, Utnapishtim gets stuck on a mountain. Like Noah, he releases birds - first a dove, then a sparrow, then a raven. The first two return quickly. When the raven does not return, he knows it is safe to leave the ark. The goddess, Enlil, promises never to flood the earth again and rewards Utnapishtim with eternal life. • Thus, it seems that we've been telling the story of the flood as a species for almost 4,000 years. Most interpret this similarity as evidence that Noah's story is very old and was borrowed from earlier cultures. This is probably true. • But that does not explain the fact that a great flood is featured in the mythology of almost every ancient culture. • The Greek author, Hesiod, wrote of the flood, and it is mentioned in several ancient Hindu texts. * The Great Flood • Other Flood Myths • Even the distant Mayans had their own, unique flood myths. • Now, I can understand Greeks and Indians retelling a story they heard from a Babylonian, but how on earth would the Maya, on the other end of the world, have known the story as well? • That returns us to our earlier question. What if it's not just a story? What if there actually was a flood some time in our history, but so long ago that the accounts survive only in myth? Some scholars believe they have found such a flood. • Historical Accounts of the Real 'Flood' • When we look back in the geological record, we find that around 8,200 years ago (6400 BC), global temperatures dropped drastically. • Scientists believe this sudden drop in temperature occurred when Lake Agassiz - a vast, prehistoric glacial lake that covered much of North America - finally melted out of the glacial walls that contained it and poured into the world's oceans. Sea levels may have risen by as much as two meters. * The Great Flood • Historical Accounts of the Real 'Flood' • When we look back in the geological record, we find that around 8,200 years ago (6400 BC), global temperatures dropped drastically. • Scientists believe this sudden drop in temperature occurred when Lake Agassiz - a vast, prehistoric glacial lake that covered much of North America - finally melted out of the glacial walls that contained it and poured into the world's oceans. Sea levels may have risen by as much as two meters. • Now, imagine you're farming in a fertile basin near the Black Sea. Miles to the west, the Mediterranean has been steadily rising. Suddenly, it tears a hole through the Bosporus and begins pouring into the Black Sea basin. Over the course of a week, the water level rises three meters, submerging millions of acres. • The entire world, as you know it, is suddenly under water. Hundreds of thousands of people who had settled to farm the area would be drowned. Those who survived would need to find new homes. • The Great Indo-European Diaspora • Linguistics (the study of languages) offers support to the great flood theory. • Many have suggested that such a disaster might have been responsible for the Indo-European Diaspora (a migration of people from their homeland). * The Great Flood • The Great Indo-European Diaspora • Studies of languages suggest that around 8,000 years ago, a huge human migration took place. A tide of people poured out of the Black Sea basin in all directions. These people all seem to have spoken a common language at one point, but as they settled across Europe and the Near East, they lost contact with one another and their languages diverged. • Today we call the original common language Proto-Indo-European. • Almost every European language and all Near Eastern languages are descendants of Proto-Indo-European. • While this common language no longer exists, it lives on in its children. • For example, every Indo-European language uses the sound ma to refer to mother. Yet, different groups of languages have different sounds for father. • We and the Germans make a fa sound, while cultures along the Mediterranean use a pa sound. • Linguists use these difference and similarities to break languages into families. • Those that are the most similar, like Spanish and Italian, separated most recently (about 2,000 years ago). * The Great Flood • The Great Indo-European Diaspora • Those that are the most different, like Hindi and English, separated much longer ago.