ABSTRACT LANDSCAPES, TEMPLES, AND COLONIZATION IN SICILY: A STUDY OF GREEK SACRED ARCHITECTURE AND COLONIZATION IN SICILY TO BETTER UNDERSTAND CULTURAL ETHNICITY Cassandra C. Tobin, M.A. Department of Anthropology Northern Illinois University, 2015 Dr. Michael Kolb, Director The focus of this study is to better understand cultural ethnicity and colonization in Sicily. The objective is fourfold: (1) identify and note all Greek temples in Sicily, (2) identify and better understand the landscape relationships of Greek temples, (3) understand what literary sources and archaeological data say about Greek colonization in Sicily, and (4) using that information, determine how “Greek” Greek temple sites are in Sicily. The project seeks to determine whether Greek sacred architecture can be used to determine the cultural heritage of a site and, if so, apply the hypothesis to all Greek temple sites in Sicily. This study asks questions specific to Sicily as well as general questions about colonization and cultural expansion. The significance of economic influences is central to this study. Employed in this research is a comparative approach by applying Vincent Scully's model for Athens, Greece, to nineteen sites in Sicily (Agrigento, Akrai, Camarina, Cefalu, Erice, Helorus, Heraclea Minoa, Himera, Megara Hyblea, Monte Adranone, Monte Jato, Monte Polizzo, Morgantina, Naxos, Palike, Segesta, Selinus, Solunto, and Syracuse). This research is vital to colonization studies in the Mediterranean because it addresses major questions regarding the colonization of Sicily, Greek economy and trade, issues of insularity, and topics of the Mediterranean as a whole. This research was conducted in a twofold process: (1) identification of temples and relevant sites using library research and computer models and (2) visiting the sites directly and taking relevant measurements to test the proposed model. In (3) this study, sites with close economic relations with Greece have temples that generally have an eastern orientation. Sites that do not have close economic ties with Greece have other orientations. The data in this study are analyzed statistically and found to be significant. This project seeks to fill a gap in the knowledge base and chronology of Sicily and the island's relationship with mainland Greece. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS MAY 2015 LANDSCAPES, TEMPLES, AND COLONIZATION IN SICILY: A STUDY OF GREEK SACRED ARCHITECTURE AND COLONIZATION IN SICILY TO BETTER UNDERSTAND CULTURAL ETHNICITY BY CASSANDRA C. TOBIN © 2015 CASSANDRA C. TOBIN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Thesis Advisor: Dr. Michael Kolb ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Michael Kolb, who inspired my undergraduate studies and whose gentle guidance led me through this process. His style of leadership allowed me to explore my interests in archaeology without boundaries in order to find something I was truly passionate about. His quiet, behind-the-scenes style allowed me to come to conclusions on my own with gentle nudges in the right directions. He tolerated incessant emails from me in my most panicked states with kindness and enthusiasm when we edited draft after draft. Most importantly, he has taught me perseverance and how to fight for a meaningful accomplishment. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Winifred Creamer and Dr. Mark Mehrer, who tailored their schedules to fit my needs, even if that meant working on vacation and after retirement. Dr. Creamer serves as an inspiration to me as a woman in science, and her enthusiasm for my thesis is humbling and gratifying. Dr. Mehrer was also instrumental in helping an overloaded graduate student cope with living up to expectations. His kind words were more helpful than he knows. I thank my colleague Sean McConnell, who started out as an unlikely friend in field school and has become one of the closest people in my life. His willingness to travel with me throughout Sicily and endure grueling work days and often extreme environmental conditions with grace and humor made the data gathering for this thesis memorable and I cherish our friendship more for the experience. He also has been a sounding board for ideas and helped heavily with editing. I look forward to working together in the future. I would thank my family, specifically my step-mother (“bonus mom”), Michelle Steele, who chooses daily to be my biggest fan, who spent days helping me edit this thesis for clarity, and who always inspires me as a professional woman who seamlessly balances her iii family and passion for her career; my father, who always believes in my highest capabilities and who pushes me to set the bar high and demand the best from myself; and my mother, who always allowed me the freedom to choose the career I want with the greatest enthusiasm. Finally, I thank my husband, Jason Tobin, who, aside from being one of the greatest things in my life, patiently picked up the slack where I lacked, tolerated my long absences and high stress levels, shared enthusiasm for a field he was not familiar with, and helped me achieve my goals even in the smallest ways. He earned this with as many hours as I did, even without participating in the project itself. DEDICATION For Nick Who embraced adventure and lead by example. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES …. .............................................................................................. vii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ viii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND …. .......................................................................... 1 Introduction …. ................................................................................................... 1 Model …. ............................................................................................................ 2 A Definition of Greek Architecture …. ............................................................... 5 Historical Background …. .................................................................................. 8 Recent Work on Alignments and Orientations in Sicily …. ............................. 12 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY …...................................................................…. 13 Field Techniques …. ......................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS …. ........................................................ 17 Chi-Square Tests …. ........................................................................................... 17 Site Descriptions ................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION …. ................................................................................ 24 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 38 Future Research …. ............................................................................................ 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY …. ............................................................................................... 40 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 45 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Structures Surveyed at Each Site …. ............................................................. 14 2. Site Analysis Using Scully's Greek-Style Temple Landscape Model ............. 26 3. New Sicilian Greek-Style Temple Model and Condition Descriptions …. ...... 27 4. Site Analysis Using the Scully’s Greek-Style Landscape Model …. ............ 29 5. Sicilian Indigenous-Style Temple Model …. ................................................. 31 6. Site Analysis Using Sicilian Indigenous-Style Temple Model …. ................ 33 7. Site Analysis of Akrai Using Sicilian-Greek and Sicilian-Indigenous Models......................................................................................................…. 35 8. Site Analysis of Akrai Using Scully's Greek-style Temple Landscape Model........................................................................................................…. 35 9. Site Analysis of Morgantina Using Sicilian-Greek and Sicilian-Indigenous Models ................................................................................................................ 35 10. Site Analysis of Morgantina Using Scully's Greek-Style Temple Landscape Model ................................................................................................................. 36 11. Site Analysis of Himera Using Sicilian-Greek and Sicilian-Indigenous Models ................................................................................................................ 36 12. Site Analysis of Himera Using Scully's Greek-Style Temple Landscape Model ................................................................................................................. 36 13. Sicilian-Greek Model and Sicilian-Indigenous Model Compared ................. 38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Visual depiction of the model for Greek-style landscape relationships proposed by Vincent Scully ........................................................................…. ....