New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research ISSN: 0028-8330 (Print) 1175-8805 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzm20 Priority management actions for alien freshwater fish species in Australia John D. Koehn & Rachel F. MacKenzie To cite this article: John D. Koehn & Rachel F. MacKenzie (2004) Priority management actions for alien freshwater fish species in Australia, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 38:3, 457-472, DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2004.9517253 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2004.9517253 Published online: 30 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1492 View related articles Citing articles: 39 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzm20 New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004, Vol. 38: 457-472 457 0028-8330/04/3803-0457 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2004 Priority management actions for alien freshwater fish species in Australia JOHN D. KOEHN INTRODUCTION Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Alien fish species have received considerable Department of Sustainability and Environment attention internationally with the integrity of aquatic 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg ecosystems being challenged worldwide by species' VIC 3084, Australia invasions (Moyle & Light 1996). Biological email: [email protected] exchange is considered a relatively more important RACHEL F. MACKENZIE threat to the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems compared to other ecosystems because of the Queensland Fisheries Service intentional and unintentional release of organisms GPO Box 46, Brisbane (Sala et al. 2000). The resultant loss of biodiversity Q 4001, Australia caused by alien species is generally severe and well email: [email protected] documented (Lodge & Shrader-Frechette 2003), although such losses have not necessarily been well documented in Australia. Some attention has been Abstract In Australia, alien freshwater fish are focused on assessment of potential invaders, continuing to steadily increase in number of species however the most likely short-term impacts of alien (reported in this paper to be 43), abundance, and species will come from those already present in the distribution. In general however, their impacts are country, region, or catchment. Concern has been not well quantified in either environmental or eco- expressed at the lack of recognition, commitment, nomic terms and current management to reduce their consistency of approach, coordination, and on- impacts is limited and lacking direction. Although ground actions in relation to alien freshwater fish carp Cyprinus carpio have received some attention, species in a deteriorating Australian situation. very little is known about the impacts and even the Although many reviews and management plans have distribution of most species. There is a lack of rec- been undertaken, few have been fully implemented ognition of the problem, inconsistency in legislation, or widely published and many only consider policy, and approaches across jurisdictions, and no individual species or particular areas. nationally coordinated on-the-ground management actions. Where legislation and policy is available it The purpose of this paper is to synthesise the is not always used to good effect. This paper pro- Australian literature (including "grey" literature), vides a synthesis of existing knowledge of alien identify current management frameworks for fishes in Australia, suggests a new management invasive freshwater fish species in Australia, assess approach, and recommends priority management the current status in terms of species knowledge and actions. management, and suggest a new management approach and a list of priority management actions. Keywords invasive fishes; control; impacts; man- agement; benefit: cost; carp METHODS Information in this paper has been compiled from existing literature, including unpublished reports, and discussions with State and Commonwealth agencies. However, it does not attempt to provide a M03068; Online publication date 3 August 2004 comprehensive review of all literature relating to Received 10 October 2003; accepted 26 February 2004 alien fish species. Several general reviews of 458 New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004, Vol. 38 established aquatic species have been conducted, 25- covering a range of aspects of their biology and management (Arthington & Mitchell 1986; Arthington 1991; Arthington & Bluhdorn 1995; Arthington & McKenzie 1997; Arthington et al. 1999; Clarke et al. 2000). Recently a range of more detailed reviews for some species and regions have also been produced that include management plans and recommendations and these are listed in Table 1980 1996 2002 3. Unfortunately, most of these publications are not nsar widely available but their recommendations have been collated and have assisted in forming the list Fig. 1 Numbers of alien fish species reported in popu- of priority actions set out in this paper. lar fish books from 1967 to 2002. Data from: Weatherley & Lake (1967); McDowall (1980, 1996); and Allen et al. The terminology relating to invasive species is (2002). large and many terms are used interchangeably. In this paper, alien species refer to those species intentionally or accidentally dispersed by human agency outside their historically known native range other species may be present as the result of illegal (Department of Primary Industries Queensland imports (Kailola 2000), which are estimated to (DPIQ) 2001; www:iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/ comprise 5-10% of fish imported into Australia policy/invasives). Introduced species are those alien (Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS) species found in the wild, but not yet breeding 1999). Australia has five of the world's eight "worst" successfully, whereas established species refer to invasive fish taxa as detailed by the International those species that have bred successfully and formed Union for the Conservation of Nature (Lowe et al. a self-sustaining population (Williamson & Fitter 2000): brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), carp (Cyprinus 1996). Translocation is the movement of living carpio L.), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis organisms from one area, with free release into mossambicus Peters), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus another (www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/ mykiss (Walbaum)), and gambusia (Gambusia policy.transe.htm). Quite clearly, by definition, the affinis/holbrooki Baird & Girard). term alien species does include favoured angling The number of alien species included in popular species such as brown trout and rainbow trout and fish books may be one measure of public recognition Australian species translocated outside their natural of alien fish species becoming established in range. There has been a traditional reluctance by Australia. This number of species has grown steadily some fisheries agencies, which actively advocate and from eight in 1967 (Weatherley & Lake 1967) to 21 stock such species, to adequately address their in 2002 (Allen et al. 2002) (Fig. 1). In more negative environmental impacts (Jackson et al. specialised publications, McKay (1989) reported the 2004). Some alien species also meet the criteria to presence of 20 alien freshwater fish, Arthington et be considered as pest species, a pest being any al. (1999) reported 37, and this paper reports 43. species that has a negative economic or ecological Australia has a relatively depauperate freshwater impact (Olsen 1998; DPIQ 2001). fish fauna by world standards with slightly over 200 species (Allen et al. 2002). More than 16% of these Current species status are considered to be under serious conservation The total number of alien fish species (31) threat nationally (Crook 2001) and detrimental (Lintermans 2004) established on mainland interactions with alien species are considered a threat Australia, is greater than the number of established to 77% of these species (Jackson et al. 1993). alien mammals (25) and birds (20) and far more than The invasion of carp in Australia illustrates how amphibians (1) or reptiles (4) (Bomford 2001). A quickly an introduced fish species can spread and total of 43 alien fish species have now been recorded dominate fish communities (in numbers and in the wild in Australia (this paper) and McNee biomass) in the absence of early intervention and an (2002) identified 1181 alien freshwater fish species effective management strategy. Following the that have been present in Australia, mostly in introduction of the "Boolarra" strain in Victoria in aquaria, over the past 40 years. Only 481 of these the early 1960s, carp have become the most abundant are species on the current permitted import list and large freshwater fish in south-east Australia, now I Table 1 Summary of distribution and reason for introduction for established alien freshwater fish species in Australia (Arthington & Bluhdorn 1995; Arthington et al. 1999; Clarke et al. 2000; Clunie et al. 2002). Reason for introduction: P, pet and aquarium; O, ornamental; B, biological control; R, recreational angling; A, aquaculture; and S, ship ballast. (VIC, Victoria; NSW, New South Wales; ACT, Australian Capital Territory; QLD, Queensland; NT, Northern Territory; WA, S o Western Australia; SA, South Australia; TAS, Tasmania.) 7? N Species Family and scientific name Common name Reason for introduction Drainage division Distribution (States) SALMONIDAE