Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households Element Energy Evidence gathering for electric heating options in off gas grid homes: Final Report BEIS Research Paper no: 2019/021 April 2019 Element Energy Limited Suite 1 Bishop Bateman Court Thompson’s Lane Cambridge CB5 8AQ Tel: 01223 852499 Fax: 01223 353475 1 Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households BEIS Project team Sam Foster [email protected] Fiona Hughes [email protected] Ian Walker [email protected] 2 Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households BEIS Table of Contents Project team ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 10 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Context and objectives .......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Technology definitions .......................................................................................................... 13 Electric storage heaters ................................................................................................................. 13 Electric panel heaters .................................................................................................................... 14 Electric radiators ............................................................................................................................ 15 Electric infrared heaters ................................................................................................................. 15 Electric underfloor heaters ............................................................................................................. 16 Electric boilers ................................................................................................................................ 16 Electric convection heaters ............................................................................................................ 17 Electric hot water cylinders ............................................................................................................ 17 Point-of-use hot water systems ..................................................................................................... 18 3 Literature review ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.1 Review of standards .............................................................................................................. 19 EcoDesign Directive ....................................................................................................................... 19 Primary Energy Factor ................................................................................................................... 19 Lot 1: Space heaters and combination heaters ............................................................................. 20 Lot 2: Water heaters and hot water storage tanks ......................................................................... 20 Lot 20: Local space heaters ........................................................................................................... 20 Lot 33 – Smart appliances ............................................................................................................. 21 Energy Performance in Buildings Directive ................................................................................... 22 SAP 2012 and SAP 10................................................................................................................... 22 Safety standards ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.2 Prior studies .......................................................................................................................... 22 National Energy Action Studies ..................................................................................................... 23 Nottingham Community Housing Association and Dimplex Storage heaters ................................ 23 Aspire Housing Association and Dimplex Quantum storage heaters ............................................ 24 Electric Boiler Assessment Project ................................................................................................ 24 Comparing advanced heating systems in Wakefield ..................................................................... 24 Hybrid heat pumps, infrared radiators and Sunamp heat stacks in North Lincolnshire Ongo Homes ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 Citizens Advice Scotland: Hot off the grid...................................................................................... 25 3 Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households BEIS Citizens Advice England: False Economy ..................................................................................... 27 Ofgem: Insights paper on households with electric and other non-gas heating ............................ 28 BEAMA: Heat electrification by design .......................................................................................... 28 Glen Dimplex and SSEN NINES project........................................................................................ 29 4 Market review ................................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Electric panel heaters and electric radiators ......................................................................... 31 4.2 Electric storage heaters ........................................................................................................ 32 4.3 Electric infrared heaters ........................................................................................................ 33 4.4 Electric underfloor heaters .................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Electric boilers ....................................................................................................................... 35 4.6 Hot water cylinders ................................................................................................................ 36 4.7 Point-of-use systems ............................................................................................................. 37 4.8 Electric heating system cost functions .................................................................................. 37 4.9 Controls ................................................................................................................................. 38 Types of system controls ............................................................................................................... 38 4.10 Innovations in electric heating ............................................................................................... 40 5 Installation process and barriers .................................................................................................... 41 5.1 Installation process and costs ............................................................................................... 41 Distributed electric heating ............................................................................................................ 41 Centralised electric heating ........................................................................................................... 43 Electric underfloor heaters ............................................................................................................. 44 Decommissioning and removal of oil tank ..................................................................................... 45 5.2 Options for hot water provision ............................................................................................. 46 Hot water cylinders ........................................................................................................................ 46 Point-of-use systems ..................................................................................................................... 47 5.3 Dwelling fuse limit ................................................................................................................. 47 6 Modelling approach ........................................................................................................................ 49 6.1 Off-gas grid dwelling archetypes ........................................................................................... 49 Analysis of updated