Control Flow Loops (order of execution) • So far, control flow in our programs has included: Unit 4 ‣ sequential processing (1st statement, then 2nd statement…) Sections 5.2-12 ‣ branching (conditionally skip some statements). CS 1428 • Chapter 5 introduces loops, which allow us to Fall 2017 conditionally repeat execution of some statements. Jill Seaman ‣ while loop ‣ do-while loop ‣ for loop 1 2 5.2 The while loop while syntax and semantics l As long as the relational expression is true, repeat • The while statement is used to repeat the statement statements: while (expression) statement • How it works: ‣ expression is evaluated: ‣ If it is true, then statement is executed, then it starts over (and expression is evaluated again). ‣ If it is false, then statement is skipped (and the loop is done). 3 4 while example 5.3 Using while for input validation • Example: • Inspect user input values to make sure they are Hand trace! valid. int number = 1; • If not valid, ask user to re-enter value: while (number <= 3) { int number; This expression is true when cout << “Student” << number << endl; number is OUT of range. number = number + 1; cout << “Enter a number between 1 and 10: “; } cin >> number; Explain the valid values in the prompt cout << “Done” << endl; while (number < 1 || number > 10) { cout << “Please enter a number between 1 and 10: “; cin >> number; } Don’t forget to input • Output Student1 the next value Student2 // Do something with number here Student3 Done 5 6 Input Validation 5.4 Counters l Checking for valid characters: l Counter: a variable that is incremented (or char answer; decremented) each time a loop repeats. cout << “Enter the answer to question 1 (a,b,c or d): “; cin >> answer; l Used to keep track of the number of iterations while (answer != ‘a’ && answer != ‘b’ && (how many times the loop has repeated). answer != ‘c’ && answer != ‘d’) { cout << “Please enter a letter a, b, c or d: “; cin >> answer; } l Must be initialized before entering loop!!!! // Do something with answer here 7 8 Counters Counters l Example (how many times does the user enter l Example, using the counter to control how an invalid number?): many times the loop iterates: cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl; int number; cout << “------ --------------” << endl; int count = 0; cout << “Enter a number between 1 and 10: “; int num = 1; // counter variable cin >> number; while (num <= 8) { cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl; while (number < 1 || number > 10) { num = num + 1; // increment the counter count = count + 1; cout << “Please enter a number between 1 and 10: “; } cin >> number; } Number Number Squared ------ -------------- cout << count << “ invalid numbers were entered.“ << endl; l Output: 1 1 // Do something with number here 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 25 6 36 9 7 49 10 8 64 5.5 The do-while loop do-while syntax and semantics l Execute the statement(s), then repeat as long as • The do-while loop has the test expression at the relational expression is true. the end: Don’t forget the do semicolon at the end statement while (expression); • How it works: ‣ statement is executed. ‣ expression is evaluated: ‣ If it is true, then it starts over (and statement is executed again). ‣ If (when) it is false, the loop is done. 11 • statement always executes at least once. 12 do-while example do-while with menu char choice; • Example: do { cout << “A: Make a reservation.” << endl; int number = 1; cout << “B: View flight status.” << endl; do cout << “C: Check-in for a flight.” << endl; { cout << “D: Quit the program.” << endl; cout << “Student” << number << endl; cout << “Enter your choice: “; number = number + 1; } while (number <= 3); cin >> choice; cout << “Done” << endl; switch (choice) { case ‘A’: // code to make a reservation break; case ‘B’: // code to view flight status • Output Student1 break; Student2 case ‘C’: // code to process check-in Student3 break; Done } 13 } while(choice != ‘D’); 14 Different ways to control the loop 5.6 The for loop • The for statement is used to easily implement a l Conditional loop: body executes as long as a count-controlled loop. certain condition is true ‣ input validation: loops as long as input is invalid for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement l Count-controlled loop: body executes a specific number of times using a counter • How it works: 1. expr1 is executed (initialization) ‣ actual count may be a literal, or stored in a variable. 2. expr2 is evaluated (test) l Count-controlled loop follows a pattern: 3. If it is true, then statement is executed, ‣ initialize counter to zero (or other start value). then expr3 is executed (update), then go to step 2. ‣ test counter to make sure it is less than count. 4. If (when) it is false, then statement is skipped ‣ update counter during each iteration. 15 (and the loop is done). 16 The for loop flow chart The for loop and the while loop for (expr1; expr2; expr3) • The for statement statement for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement • expr1 is equivalent to the following code using a while statement: expr1; // initialize while (expr2) { // test expr2 statement expr3 statement expr3; // update } 17 18 for loop example Counters: redo l Example, using the counter to control how • Example: Equivalent to number = number + 1 many times the loop iterates: cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl; int number; cout << “------ --------------” << endl; for (number = 1; number <= 3; number++) { int num = 1; // counter variable cout << “Student” << number << endl; while (num <= 8) { Note: no semicolon cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl; } num = num + 1; // increment the counter } cout << “Done” << endl; l Rewritten using a for loop: cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl; • Output Student1 cout << “------ --------------” << endl; Student2 Student3 int num; Done for (num = 1; num <= 8; num++) cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl; 19 20 Define variable in init-expr User-controlled count • You may define the loop counter variable inside • You may use a value input by the user to the for loop’s initialization expression: control the number of iterations: int maxCount; for (int x = 10; x > 0; x=x-2) Hand trace! cout << “How many squares do you want?” << endl; cout << x << endl; cin >> maxCount; cout << x << endl; //ERROR, can’t use x here cout << “Number Number Squared” << endl; cout << “------ --------------” << endl; for (int num = 1; num <= maxCount; num++) • Do NOT try to access x outside the loop cout << num << “ “ << (num * num) << endl; (the scope of x is the for loop statement ONLY) • What is the output of the for loop? • How many times does the loop iterate? 21 22 The exprs in the for are optional Loops in C++ (review) statement may be a • You may omit any of the three exprs in the for • while while (expression) compound statement loop header statement (a block: {statements}) int value, incr; ‣ if expression is true, statement is executed, repeat cout << “Enter the starting value: “; cin >> value; • for for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement for ( ; value <= 100; ) { ‣ equivalent to: expr1; cout << “Please enter the next increment amount: “; while (expr2) { cin >> incr; statement value = value + incr; expr3; cout << value << endl; } } • do while • Style: use a while loop for something like this. do statement is executed. statement if expression is true, then repeat while (expression); • When expr2 is missing, it is true by default.23 24 Common tasks solved Counting using loops (review) l set a counter variable to 0 l Counting l increment it inside the loop (each iteration) l Summing l after each iteration of the loop, it stores the # of l Calculating an average (the mean value) loop iterations so far l int number; Read input until “sentinel value” is encountered int count = 0; cout << “Enter a number between 1 and 10: “; l Read input from a file until the end of the file is cin >> number; encountered while (number < 1 || number > 10) { count = count + 1; cout << “Please enter a number between 1 and 10: “; cin >> number; } cout << count << “ invalid numbers entered “ << endl; // Do something with number here 25 26 5.7 Keeping a running total Keeping a running total (summing) l After each iteration of the loop, it stores the sum • Output: of the numbers added so far (running total) How many days did you ride you bike? 3 l set an accumulator variable to 0 Enter the miles for day 1: 14.2 Enter the miles for day 2: 25.4 l Enter the miles for day 3: 12.2 add the next number to it inside the loop Total miles ridden: 51.8 int days; //Count for count-controlled loop float total = 0.0; //Accumulator float miles; //daily miles ridden cout << “How many days did you ride your bike? “; cin >> days; • How would you calculate the average mileage? for (int i = 1; i <= days; i++) { cout << “Enter the miles for day “ << i << “: ”; cin >> miles; total = total + miles; } total is 0 first time through cout << “Total miles ridden: “ << total << endl; 27 28 5.8 Sentinel controlled loop Sentinel example l sentinel: special value in a list of values that • Example: indicates the end of the data float total = 0.0; //Accumulator float miles; //daily miles ridden l sentinel value must not be a valid value! cout << “Enter the miles you rode on your bike each day, “; -99 for a test score, -1 for miles ridden cout << “then enter -1 when finished. “ << endl; cin >> miles; //priming read l User does not need to count how many values while (miles != -1) { total = total + miles; //skipped when miles==-1 will be entered cin >> miles; //get the next one } l Requires a “priming read” before the loop starts cout << “Total miles ridden: “ << total << endl; ‣ so the sentinel is NOT included in the sum Enter the miles you rode on your bike each day, • Output: then enter -1 when finished.