Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41668-9 — Deadly Clerics Richard A. Nielsen Index More Information Index Abd al-Rahman, Umar, 70n25, 165, 178 counterterrorist officials on, 9 Abu-Zahra, Nadia, 58–59 educational attainment, 1, 1n3 academe, 13–14, 14n21 and Fort Hood shooting, 1 academic freedom, 16 as inspirational, 174–175 academic research, by clerics, 102 on jihad against US, 110 academic writing, by clerics, 38–39 path to jihadism, 51–52 academics, and insider careers, 61–62 on violence, 112 ad hoc sampling, 24 al-Azdi, Abu Jindal (Faris al-Zahrani), case Afghanistan war, 5 study on, 127, 156t Agrama, Hussein Ali, 42, 49 al-Azhar University, Cairo, 17–18, Ahmed, Amel, 19–20 19, 20 Airoldi, Edoardo M., 203 becomes state university, 59–60 al-Albani, Muhammad, 35, 136 as deterrent to jihadism, 70n25 Al Abd al-Latif, Abd al-Aziz, 118, 119n library at, 39 al-Ali, Hamid study circles at, 66 syllabus of, 31–35, 143, 187–201 study lesson at, 41–42, 83–84 detailed program for student, 190–194 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 2, 5, 13, 124f, 139, first level, 1.5 years, 190 156t fourth phase, 2 years, 194–196 al-Banna, Hassan, 4 fifth level, 2 year, 196–198 al-Barak, Abd al-Rahman Bin Nasr, 34, 62, second level, 2.5 years, 191–192 137 third phase, 2 years, 192–194 al-Dawsary, Abd al-Rahman, 33–34 general advice for students, 188–190 al-Fahd, Nasr, 12–13, 135–136, 156t, 170 letter of reform, 200–201 case study on, 156t, 159–160 student library, 198–200 al-Filistini, Abu Qatada, 30, 124f, 157t topics of fatwas, 45–46 al-Funaysan, Saud Bin Abdullah, 63 Al al-Sheikh, Abd al-Aziz Bin Abdullah, 29 al-Ghazi, al-Zubayr, 115 Al al-Sheikh, Muhammad Bin Ibrahim, 69 al-Hawali, Safar, 165–166 al-Amriki, Azzam (Adam Gadahn), 122f, 157t, al-Ibad, Abd al-Muhsin bin Hamad, 62, 160–161 68–69 al-Arayfi, Muhammad, 87 alim, definition of, 29n2 (See also cleric(s)) Al Aswany, Alaa, 70 al-Khalidi, Ahmad, 118 al-Awda, Salman, 37, 125, 165–166 al-Khudayr, Ali, 112–113 al-Awlaki, Anwar, 170 al-Libi, Abu Yahya, 74 229 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41668-9 — Deadly Clerics Richard A. Nielsen Index More Information 230 Index al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 2, 10, 142 Bagader, Abubaker A., 28, 29n2 case study on, 157t, 160, 161 Ballesteros, Lisa, 120 criticism of modern academic system, 74 Bayes classifier, 209–211 education and career of, 136 Belkacem, Fouad, 74 emphasis on tawdid/takfir, 118 Benoit, Kenneth, 210 jihad score for, 123–124f Berkowitz, Leonard, 54 pathway to jihadism, 12 Bernard, H. Russell, 19, 20, 21 web library of, 119, 128, 154, 183 bias works in The Jihadist’s Bookbag, 116 hindsight, 72 al-Masri, Abu Ayman, case study on, 157t in present study, 22 al-Masri, Abu Umar, 46 Bin Badawi, Abd al Azim, 113,160 al-Masari, Nufal Abd al-Hadi, 31 Bin Baz, Abd al-Aziz, 29, 35, 60, 68, 89, 122f al-Muhajiroun, 56 Bin Jibreen, Abdullah, 115 al-Qa’ida, 5, 123, 126 Bin Laden, Usama, 2, 4, 7–8, 34, 169–170 al-Qarni, A’id, 38, 165–166 fatwas of, as illegitimate, 29 al-Raqab, Salih Hussayn, case study on, 158t jihad score for, 122f, 123, 124f Al-Rasheed, Madawi, 85, 167 path to jihadism, 52, 161 al-Riyan, Ahmad, 27, 69, 70 personality traits, 147 al-Rubaysh, Ibrahim, case study on, 157t Birhami, Yasir, 63 al-Sabr, Sa’ad, 38 Bischof, Jonathan M., 203 al-Sha’rawi, Muhammad Mitwali, 100 Blaydes, Lisa, 86 al-Shanqiti, Muhammad al-Amin, 68 Blei, David, 95 al-Shu’aybi, Hamud bin Uqla’, 7, 67–68, 112, block bootstrap, 123 129, blocked ambition, 5–6 case study on, 156t definition of, 2, 13, 171 al-Suhaym, Abd al-Rahman Bin Abdullah, future research needs, 174–175 136 See also under clerics who become jihadists; al-Tarsha, Adnan, 30 educational networks and career paths, al-Tartusi, Abu Basir, 118, 157t correlation with jihadism al-Tayeb, Ahmed, 83 bootstrapping, 123, 210–211 al-Thawri, Sufyan, 109 Boston Marathon bombings (2013), al-Ulwan, Sulayman Bin Nasr, 34, 63, 109 174–175 al-Wada’i, Muqbil Bin Hadi, 29 Bourdieu, Pierre, 14 al-Zahrani, Faris (Abu Jindal al-Azdi), case Brinton, Jaquelene, 29n2 study on, 156t Bulliet, Richard W., 181, 184 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 2 Bunzel, Cole, 46–47 clerics praised by, as jihadists, 114 bureaucrats, government, 62 The Exoneration, 126–127f Bush, George W., 5 path to jihadism, 52 works in The Jihadist’s Bookbag, 116 Canetti, Daphna, 174 Amarasingam, Amarnath, 56n1 Cherribi, Sam, 58 Ansari, Hassan, 6, 54–55 Choudary, Anjem, 75 Arab Spring, 55, 178 Clark, Burton R., 13 authority, clerical, 28 cleric(s) “awakening” movement, 71, 112, academic identity, symbols of, 14 165–166 clerical production, 35–49 Ayubi, Nazih, 6, 54–55 academic writing, 38–39 Azzam, Abdullah, 4, 7–8, 143 fatwas, 42–49 case study on, 156t lessons, lectures, recordings, 41–42 jihad score for, 122f, 123, 124f popular writing, 38–39 on justification of violence, 111–112 sermons, 39–41 works in The Jihadist’s Bookbag, 116 websites, 36–37 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41668-9 — Deadly Clerics Richard A. Nielsen Index More Information Index 231 definition of, 1n2, 24, 28–31 testing theory of blocked ambitions, importance to jihadist movements, 8–9 79–81 knowledge needed by, 31–35 career paths and radicalization, 70–72 monitoring/punishment of insider clerics, insider careers, 61–63 71–72 academic, 61–62 state cooptation of, 60, 70, 177, 178 government bureaucrat, 62 cleric(s), present study sharia consultants, 62–63 biographies of, 93–98, 133 lay theories on radicalization as not common elements of, 93–94 applicable to, 24 curriculum vitae (CV), 93, 133, 136, 137 outsider careers, 63, 75–76 demand for, 94 professional networks and academic careers, k-means clustering, 97, 98f 64–70 length of, 94–95 informal study circles, 65–67 mentoring relationships, 66–69 purpose of, 94 and state control of clerical careers, 59–61 topic model of, 95–97 testing theory of blocked ambitions, 79–81 characteristics on Internet, 98–104 See also jihadists who become clerics age, 99–100 Clinton, Hillary, 175 educational attainment, 102–104, 103f Committee of Grand Ulama, 144 place of birth/mobility, 100–101, 102f conclusions, present study what they do, 101–104 argument and evidence, 170–172 academic credentials/rank, 101–102, 103f future research, 172–175 academic research, 102 lessons learned, 179–180 where they are from/where they live, policy making, 175–178 100–101 revolution in data availability, 180–185 educational attainment, 102–104, 103f role of educational attainment, 176 web census of, 84–92 role of insider career, 176 empirical limitations of, 87 Conflicts topic, 116, 208–209 methodology, 88–91 Connell, Margaret E., 120 number of clerics worldwide, 86 cooptation, state, of clerics, 60, 70, 177, 178 sampling counterradicalization policy of Arab regimes, ad hoc sampling, 91 177 random sampling, 90–91 counterterrorism, 9 rare outcome problem, 91–92 credibility of clerics, 74, 143, 145, 178 Salafi oversample, 88, 92 gaining from preaching jihad sample size, 91 popularity of jihadist fatwas, 161–163t, significant online presence of clerics, 167 86–87, 86n2 prison as jihadist credential, 163–166 clerics who become jihadists, 57–81, 132–133 Crenshaw, Martha, 174 ambitions of clerics, 58–59 curriculum vitae (CV), clerics in present study, blocked ambitions theory, 2–3, 57–58, 64, 93, 133, 136, 137 69–70 and cleric prior beliefs, 75 Dar al-Ifta (House of Fatwa-giving), 47–48, and disappointment, 72–73 48n39, 83 and hindsight bias, 72 data collection, 16–21 and late-adopting true believers, 75–77, biographies, 24 156t, 157t ethnographic approach to, 17–20 limits of theory, 77–78 Internet, 180–185 as not only factor in radicalization, 76 mixed methods, 16, 20 and signaling value of jihadism, 75 observational data, 79, 180 and social networks, 77–78 participant observation, 16, 19, 20, 184 and sociological mechanisms, 73–74 primary source material, 20–21 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41668-9 — Deadly Clerics Richard A. Nielsen Index More Information 232 Index data collection (cont.) jihadists-turned-clerics, 142–144, revolution in data availability, 180–185 148t–149t social network analysis, 182–183 regression techniques to estimate statistical approach to, 17, 19–20 correlations between networks, statistical text analysis (See text analysis, paths, and jihadism, 147–154 statistical) bootstrapping procedure, 147, 150, See also sampling 150n9 Dawson, Lorne L., 56n1 Model 1 (number of teachers), 150–152 Deol, Jeevan, 114 cleric families, 150–151 Dollard, John, 54 country in which cleric born, 152 education levels, 151 family teachers, 151 educational attainment insider career, 150–151 of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, 136 intelligence of clerics, 146, 151–152 of Anwar al-Awlaki, 1, 1n3 number of teachers, 150–151 cleric(s), present study, 102–104, 103f, 145 Model 2 (networks and career paths), role of, 176 152 educational networks and career paths, connected insiders, 152 correlation with jihadism, 132–140 connected outsiders, 152 theory of blocked ambition disconnected insiders, 152 bivariate correlations, 137–140 disconnected outsiders, 152 extensive network, 139, 140t Model 3 (cleric with Islamic degree), interaction of teacher connection to 152–153 career path, 138f–140 Model 4 (prominence of teachers), limited network, 139–140t 153–154 career paths, 136–137 religious expertise, 145, 146 educational networks., 134–136 religious primary school variable, 145 incentives for preaching jihad,