PDHonline Course E449 (10 PDH) _____________________________________________________ Cabling Network, Wireless & Fiber Optics Installation Standards Instructor: Jurandir Primo, PE 2014 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E449 www.PDHonline.org CABLING NETWORK, WIRELESS & FIBER OPTICS INSTALLATION STANDARDS CONTENTS: I. INTRODUCTION II. ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES III. WIRES AND CABLES IV. DEFINITIONS OF WIRES, CONDUCTORS AND CABLES V. INDUSTRIAL AND POWER CABLES VI. NETWORK CABLING SYSTEMS VII. TELEPHONE CABLING SYSTEMS VIII. DATA CENTERS INFRASTRUCTURE IX. WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGY X. CABLING AND WIRELESS STANDARDS XI. CABLING INSTALLATIONS & TESTING STANDARDS XII. INSTRUMENTATION CABLES XIII. VIDEO, TRAFFIC, RAILWAY & SUBSEA CABLES XIV. FIBER OPTICS OR OPTICAL FIBER CABLES XV. FIBER OPTICS TESTING STANDARDS XVI. FTTH SYSTEMS XVII. LINKS & REFERENCES ©2014 Jurandir Primo Page 1 of 111 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E449 www.PDHonline.org I. INTRODUCTION: Network, according to Thesaurus Dictionary is “any complex, interlocking system”. According to the Dictionary web, for radio and television, “is a group of tramsmitting stations linked by wire or microwaves so that the same program can be broadcast”, for electricity, “is an arrangement of con- ducting elements, as resistors,capacitors, or inductors, connected by conducting wire”. In telecommunications, network is a system containing any combination of computers, printers, terminals, audio, visual display devices and telephones, interconnected by cables to transmit or receive information. A network can consist of two computers, or millions of computers connected with cables or optical fibers, that are spread over a large geographical area, such as telephone lines, active equipment, radio, television and all visual or communication devices. Internet is an example of a very large network. Cabling network standards are used internationally, published by ISO/IEC, NEC, CENELEC, NEMA, and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). BICSI (Building Industry Consulting Service International) is a recognized independent trainer of computer structured cabling installers, with best practice documents and independent manufacturers, design and instal- lation, also plays a major role with industry leaders in developing and designing US standards. The main focus here is cabling installation standards, fiber optics and wireless systems, that is, the use of various standard cable systems for operating equipment such as computers, instruments, machinery, flow processes, and other applications including electric power cables and automation. However, automation systems are achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic and computers, and usually in a whole combination. Today extensive automation is practiced in practically every type of manufacturing and assembly process. Some of the larger processes include electrical power generation, oil refining, chemicals, steel mills, plastics, cement plants, fertilizer plants, pulp and paper mills, automobile and truck assembly, aircraft production, glass manufacturing, natural gas separation plants, food and beverage processing, canning and bottling and manufacture of various kinds of parts. ©2014 Jurandir Primo Page 2 of 111 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E449 www.PDHonline.org Robots are especially useful in hazardous applications like automobile spray painting. Robots are also used to assemble electronic circuit boards. Automotive welding is done with robots and automatic welders are used in applications like pipelines. The result has been a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. A computer-aided technology (CAx) is used to create complex systems, including Computer-aided design (CAD software) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM software). Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are used to synchronize the flow of inputs from sensors and the flow of outputs to actuators and machinery. Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are usually employed to commu- cate with PLCs and other computers. The International Society of Automation (ISA), founded in 1945, is a leading, global, nonprofit orga- nization, which sets the standard for automation, certifies industry professionals, provides educa- tion and training, publishes books and technical articles, and hosts conferences and exhibitions for automation professionals. ISA is also the founding sponsor of the Automation Federation (www. automationfederation.org). II. ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES: Electric-power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. In 1882, generation was with direct current (DC), which could not easily be increased in voltage for long-distance transmission. Other classes of loads (for example, lighting, fixed motors, and traction/railway systems) required different voltages, and so used different generators and circuits. Early DC generating plants needed to be within about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the farthest customer to avoid excessively large and expensive conductors. The competition between the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) by Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse respectively, in the late 1880s, was known as the War of Currents. At the conclusion of their campaigning, in the late 1890s, AC became the dominant form of transmission of power. In 1886, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a 1 kV alternating current (AC) distribution system was installed. That same year, AC power at 2 kV was installed at Cerchi, Italy, transmitted 30 km. In USA, at an meeting on 1888, Nikola Tesla delivered a lecture entitled “A New System of Alter- nating Current Motors and Transformers”, describing the efficient generation and use of polyphase alternating currents. The ownership of the Tesla patents, then, was the Westinghouse Company, which entered to offer a complete alternating current power system for both lighting and power. In Germany, the first transmission of three-phase alternating current using high voltage took place in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. A 25 kV transmission line, appro- ximately 175 km long, connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt. Voltages used for electric power transmission increased through the 20th century. By 1914, fifty-five transmission systems, each operating with more than 70 kV, were in service. The highest voltage then used was 150 kV. The rapid industrialization in 20th century made electrical transmission lines and grids a critical in- frastructure item in most industrialized nations. The interconnection of local generation plants and small distribution networks, was greatly spread due the requirements of World War I, with large ©2014 Jurandir Primo Page 3 of 111 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E449 www.PDHonline.org electrical generating plants built by governments, to provide power to munitions factories. Later these generating plants were connected to supply civil loads through long-distance transmission. Transmission Grid: A transmission grid is a network of power stations and transmission lines. These networks use components such as power lines, cables, circuit breakers, switches and trans- transformers. Energy is usually transmitted within a grid with three-phase AC. Single-phase AC is used only for distribution to end users since it is not usable for large polyphase induction motors. In the 19th century, the two-phase transmission became used, but required either four wires or three wires with unequal currents. That time, the system started using transformers to step-up voltage to high-voltage transmission lines, and then to step-down voltage to local distribution circuits or industrial customers. Most transmission lines were high-voltage three-phase alternating current (AC), although single phase AC was sometimes used in railway electrification systems. Today, electricity is transmitted at high voltages (138 kV or above) to reduce the energy losses in long-distance transmission. Underground power transmission has a significantly higher cost and greater operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas or sensitive locations. Lower voltages, such as 69 kV and 26 kV, are usually considered sub-transmission voltages, but are occasionally used on long lines, with light loads. Voltages less than 33 kV are usually used for dis- tribution. Voltages above 230 kV are considered extra high voltage and require different designs compared to equipment used at lower voltages. Diagram of an electric power system; transmission system is in blue Since overhead transmission wires depend on air for insulation, the design of these lines requires minimum clearances to be observed to maintain safety. Adverse weather conditions, such as high wind and low temperatures, can lead to power outages. Wind speeds as low as 23 knots (43 km/h) can permit conductors to encroach operating clearances, resulting in a flashover and loss of sup- ply. Oscillatory motion of the physical line can be termed gallop or flutter depending on the fre- quency and amplitude of oscillation. Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of overhead power lines. Underground cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have lower visibility, and are