Lingua Cultura, 13(3), August 2019, 191-199 P-ISSN: 1978-8118 DOI: 10.21512/lc.v13i3.5769 E-ISSN: 2460-710X METAPHOR ANALYSIS ON COLOR LEXICON WITH PLANT ATTRIBUTES IN MADURESE LANGUAGE Nurul Fadhilah1; Wakit Abdullah Rais2; Dwi Purnanto3 1,2,3Linguistic Department, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36-A, Kentingan, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 15th July 2019/Revised: 05th August 2019/Accepted: 12th August 2019 How to Cite: Fadhilah, N., Rais, W. A., & Purnanto, D. (2019). Metaphor analysis on color lexicon with plant attributes in Madurese language. Lingua Cultura, 13(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v13i3.5769 ABSTRACT The research aimed to describe the Madurese color lexicons with plant attributes and to analyze those lexicons metaphorically. This research engaged 18 informants to denote Madurese color lexicons by showing 139 color cards. The referential comparison method was followed by sorting the decisive element technique through referential competence-in-dividing, and Connect Compare Equate as the advanced technique was used as the data analysis method. The research finds that 53 color lexicons with plant attributes in 8 Madurese color lexicons, namely potѐ ‘white’, celleng ‘black’, mѐra ‘red’, bhiru ‘green’, konѐng ‘yellow’, cokklat ‘brown’, bhiru ‘blue’, and bungo ‘purple’. Furthermore, these plant attributes can be classified into fruits, flowers, vegetables, seeds, spices, leaves, trees, part of the tree, and part of the fruit. The domination of plant attributes in Madurese color lexicons emerges due to the sociocultural factors embodied in Madurese ethnic group itself, those are (1) farming is Madurese main way of living, (2) Madurese ethnic group respect the nature as the place where they can pray and thank God, and (3) some objects associated with color lexicons are abundantly available at their surroundings, thus they frequently use it in their daily life. Keywords: metaphor analysis, color lexicon, plant attributes, Madurese language INTRODUCTION dialects. Yet, only four dialects are widely acceptable, namely Bangkalan dialect, Pamekasan dialect, Sumenep Local languages are influenced by its environment dialect, and Kangean dialect (Dewi, Widayati, & Sucipto, and used by societies living in certain areas. The existence 2017). Among those four dialects, Sumenep dialect is of local languages has created a cultural diversity and acknowledged as the standard dialect and in turn, used as exceptional identity in a society. The Madurese language the standardization guidelines in the Madurese language. appears as one of those many local languages spoken in A large number of dialects in the Madurese language, Indonesia. The language is diverse in term of dialects and it produce numerous lexicons in it. It is worth to note that appeals to be studied. each local language has its distinctive lexicon. In general, The Madurese language is one of the local languages such lexicon is innately used as its existence in one local spoken by Madurese people in order to strengthen their language that is evolving from the consensus of the speakers identity and existence as one of many ethnic groups in this living in a specific area. However, the use of lexicon in one archipelago. Madura island itself has its own distinctive local language must remain to observe each linguistic rule, local language that in 1984 Wurn and Shiro Hattori even either it is seen from its grammatical or semantic aspect. ranked Madurese language at the third place following In the Madurese language, the color lexicons Sundanese and Javanese languages as the most widely are appealing to be reviewed. This is driven by the fact spoken language in Indonesia (Raihany, 2015). According that only a few who know that color naming is a form of to the 2000 census, there are approximately 6,8 million language metaphor. Metaphor shows a comparison among Madurese, compared to 83,8 million Javanese, and nearly two items, such as A and B, the similarity of A and B, and 31 million Sundanese (Davies, 2010). Given that, it is more linguistic forms used in such comparison (Putri, 2017). In evident that the Madurese language is a regional language, addition, the similarity and resemblance are only in a few which has long been recognized and functioned. Of all parts, for example, the physical and character forms. Apart local languages, indeed, Madurese is separated into some from that, metaphor is the construction of language that is Copyright©2019 191 much influenced by local culture (Kuswarini, Masdiana, & Indra (2017) has examined the existence of colors Hantik, 2018). and meanings expressed in Minangkabau language Metaphor is distinguished into two categories, metaphors that are spoken by native speakers and are namely living metaphor and dead metaphor. Kowles and written in several books in the library. The results show that Moon in Idrus (2015) have described the dead metaphor as there are six colors found in the metaphorical expression a metaphor that has lost their characteristics as a metaphor of Minangkabau language, namely itam (black), putiah because this type of metaphor is often used in everyday (white”), kulabu (gray), sirah (red), kunyiang (yellow), vocabulary. Contrarily, living metaphor is a metaphor used and ijau (green). Metaphorical expressions that use black, by writers or speakers to express their ideas or feelings within white, red, and yellow colors have positive and negative a certain context so that it can be understood by readers or connotations. However, the metaphor expression that uses speakers. This type of metaphor is often associated with gray and green only has a negative connotation. literature. The last research, Sekarsari and Haristiani (2016) In this case, the color lexicon is classified into the have analyzed kanyoku or Japanese idioms related to color. dead metaphor. Nevertheless, it will never be dull to study The results conclude that first is the lexical meaning of color the expressiveness of color naming. Indeed, color naming in the kanyouku is interpreted according to the original in the Madurese language has become more appealing to meaning of color based on dictionary references, while the study as the existing color naming system is influenced by idiomatic meaning of color is a special meaning and different a particular shade or attributes. The attributes correlated to from lexical meaning. Second, there is a relationship the basic color indicate that as the speaker can explain one between lexical meaning and idiomatic meaning. Also, certain color with other things having the ability to clarify third, there are distinctive characteristics of color. the color spectrum in concern. Moreover, the attributes This research is in line with the previous studies expressed by the color name vary from the adjective, noun, as it also reviews the color lexicons based on a particular and verb. In Madurese language, plant attributes are widely language. Yet, to dates, it can hardly find research on color used. lexicons in the Madurese language. Second, the research This research aims to describe the color lexicons with conducted by Wijana (2015) and Indra (2017) focus more plant attributes in the Madurese language metaphorically. on the color connotation that appears in an idiom, instead of Accordingly, the collected data would be analyzed by using the naming system of color lexicon itself. Furthermore, the the metaphor theory proposed by Palmer. Palmer (in Putri, research conducted by Sekarsari and Haristiani (2016) also 2017) has classified the metaphor into three elements, inter only focuses on the meaning of Japanese idioms related to alia; (1) tenor or the subject that is reimagined; (2) vehicle color names. The naming system of the color lexicon can be or the concept that is used to reimagine the tenor; and (3) found in the Diputra’s (2017) research, but the research only ground is the equation that emerges from the relationship explains six basic colors in the Balinese language, namely between the tenor and vehicle. The example is within red, white, green, yellow, orange, and purple. Besides, the the color lexicon of konѐng matta ‘raw yellow’. Konѐng attributes found in the color lexicon tend to be found in (yellow) is the tenor of such phrase, in which konѐng the adjective, while this research would focus on attributes indicates the object to be reimagined. Matta (raw) is the found in noun, namely plants. vehicle, as it acts as the comparative element, while the In the end, to date, there is no any research can ground element is resulted from the equation interaction be found regarding the naming system of color lexicons between those two elements, which is the color yellow is metaphorically in Indonesian and local languages. It opens coupled with the adjective raw. The term konѐng matta is a gate and opportunity for the researchers to study the used to denote the shade of yellow with white pigment. This color lexicon in the Madurese language metaphorically. color can be found on raw fruit flesh. Thus, by using that Furthermore, this research is expected to contribute to the metaphorical theory, researchers can find the equation or quantity of color vocabulary in the Madurese language that ground of the basic colors and plant attributes that are used can be used in everyday utterances and teaching materials by Madurese language speakers. in the realm of education, especially the subjects of local Research on color has been done several times. Wijana content in the Madurese language. In addition, this research (2015) has investigated the relationship of color naming is expected to provide beneficial contributions in maintaining systems in Indonesian with their socio-cultural factors. The the local language spreading over the archipelago, namely color lexicon used metaphorically is collected and classified the language of Madura. into two groups, namely achromatic and chromatic colors and compares to the English color metaphor. As a result, none of the significant differences can be found out between METHODS the use of metaphor in both languages.