Jeremy J. Swist CAMWS University of Iowa 6 April 2019 [email protected] Lincoln, NE Servius Tullius’ Imperial ​Nachleben1 1. Tacitus, ​Annals ​3.26.6: ​nobis Romulus ut Romulus ruled over us as he pleased. Next, Numa bound libitum imperitaverat. dein Numa religionibus et the people with religious scruples and divine law, and divino iure populum devinxit, repertaque quaedam a certain other things were devised by Tullus and Ancus. Tullo et Anco. sed praecipuus Servius Tullius But Servius Tullius was especially an enactor of ​laws sanctor legum fuit ​quis etiam reges obtemperarent. even kings would obey. 2. ​ ​Tacitus, ​Annals ​3.28.3​: ​sexto demum In his sixth consulship and his power secure, finally, consulatu Caesar Augustus, potentiae securus, quae Caesar Augustus abolished what he had commanded as triumviratu iusserat abolevit deditque iura ​quis pace a triumvir and gave ​laws we would use in peace and et principe uteremur. under a ​princeps​. 3. Tacitus, ​Annals​ 12.8.1-3: ​die nuptiarum On the day of [Claudius & Agrippina’s] wedding Silanus Silanus mortem sibi conscivit, sive eo usque spem committed suicide, whether he had held out hope for his vitae produxerat, seu delecto die augendam ad life up to that point, or that by choosing that day he invidiam. Calvina soror eius Italia pulsa est. addidit might increase resentment. His sister Calvina was Claudius ​sacra ex legibus Tulli regis​ piaculaque banished from Italy. Claudius added that ​sacrifices apud locum Dianae per pontifices danda, prescribed by King Tullius​ and expiations be carried out inridentibus cunctis quod poenae procurationesque in the precinct of Diana by the pontiffs, amid universal incesti id temporis exquirerentur​. ridicule that at this of all times penalties and propitiations for incest were being unearthed. 4. Florus 1.1.6​:​ Servius Tullius deinceps Servius Tullius next took over the City’s helm, and gubernacula urbis invadit, nec obscuritas inhibuit although born of a slave mother obscurity did not quamvis matre serva creatum. nam eximiam hinder him. For Tarquin’s wife Tanaquil had given his indolem uxor Tarquini Tanaquil liberaliter exceptional in-born talent a free person’s education, and educaverat, et clarum fore visa circa caput flamma after seeing the flame around his head promised he promiserat. ergo inter Tarquini mortem adnitente would be famous. So then when Tarquin was dying, and regina substitutus in locum regis quasi in tempus, at the queen’s urging, he was substituted in the king’s regnum dolo partum sic egit industrie, ut iure place as though temporarily, and though his kingship adeptus videretur. ab hoc populus Romanus relatus was acquired by deceit he exercised it so diligently that in censum, digestus in classes, decuriis atque he seemed to have acquired it legally. The people of collegiis distributus, ​summaque regis sollertia ita est Rome was registered in a census, divided into ranks, and ordinata res publica​, ut omnia patrimonii, dignitatis organized by decuries and colleges. ​Thanks to the king’s aetatis, artium officiorumque discrimina in tabulas supreme ingenuity the commonwealth was ordered in referentur, ac ​sic maxima civitas minimae domus such a way​ that all distinctions of inheritance, rank, age, diligentia contineretur​. skills, and offices were recorded on tablets, and ​thus a very large society was bound together by the diligence of the smallest household. 5. Florus 2.14.4-6: ​nam aliter salvus esse non For [the people of Rome] could not otherwise have been potuit, nisi confugisset ad servitutem. gratulandum preserved, had it not taken refuge in servitude. But we tamen ut in tanta perturbatione est, quod must be grateful that it happened in so great an 1 All translations are my own. 1 Jeremy J. Swist CAMWS University of Iowa 6 April 2019 [email protected] Lincoln, NE potissimum ad Octavium Caesarem Augustum upheaval, because supreme power most preferably fell to summa rerum redit, qui sapientia sua atque ​sollertia Octavius Caesar Augustus, ​who by his wisdom and perculsum undique ac perturbatum ​ordinavit imperii ingenuity put in order the body of an empire​ battered on corpus​, quod haud dubie numquam coire et all sides and thrown into disorder, which undoubtedly consentire potuisset, nisi unius praesidis nutu quasi would never have been able to cohere and harmonize, anima et mente regeretur. were it not ruled by the nod of a single presider, as though by a soul and mind. παρανόμου δ᾽ ὄντος καὶ 6. Appian, ​Pun. ​27.112​:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Although this was illegal and the consuls brought τῶν ὑπάτων προφερόντων αὐτοῖς τὸν νόμον, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ before them the law, they persisted and pressed hard, ἐλιπάρουν καὶ ἐνέκειντο , καὶ ἐκεκράγεσαν ἐκ τῶν ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and exclaimed that, ​based on the laws of Tullius and Τυλλίου καὶ Ῥωμύλου νόμων τὸν δῆμον εἶναι ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Romulus​, the people were the ones authorized for the κύριον τῶν ἀρχαιρεσιῶν , καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτῶν νόμων ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ election of magistrates, and they could repeal or ratify ἀκυροῦν ἢ κυροῦν ὃν ἐθέλοιεν . ​ ​ ​ ​ what it wished of the laws concerning these elections. εἰσηγοῦντό τε 7. Appian, ​Civil Wars ​1.59.1​: ​ ​ [Sulla and Pompeius Rufus] began proposing that μηδὲν ἔτι ἀπροβούλευτον ἐς τὸν δῆμον ἐσφέρεσθαι , ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ nothing still not deliberated beforehand be introduced νενομισμένον μὲν οὕτω καὶ πάλαι, παραλελυμένον ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ to the people—a practice formerly customary and δ᾽ ἐκ πολλοῦ , καὶ τὰς χειροτονίας μὴ κατὰ φυλάς, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ abandoned long ago—and that elections happen not by ἀλλὰ κατὰ λόχους, ὡς Τύλλιος βασιλεὺς ἔταξε , ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ tribes, but by centuries, ​as King Tullius ordained​, γίνεσθαι, νομίσαντες διὰ δυοῖν τοῖνδε οὔτε νόμον ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ thinking that through these two things neither would οὐδένα πρὸ τῆς βουλῆς ἐς τὸ πλῆθος ἐσφερόμενον ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ any law be introduced to the multitude before the οὔτε τὰς χειροτονίας ἐν τοῖς πένησι καὶ θρασυτάτοις ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Senate nor would elections, which were in the hands of ἀντὶ τῶν ἐν περιουσίᾳ καὶ εὐβουλίᾳ γιγνομένας ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the poor and most reckless, instead of those possessing δώσειν ἔτι στάσεων ἀφορμάς . ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ much wealth and intelligence, any longer sew the seeds of civil strife . 8. Zonaras 7.9​: ​κἀκεῖνος τότε τόν τε θάνατον τοῦ And at that time [Servius] both revealed Tarquin’s death Ταρκυνίου ἐξέφηνε καὶ φανερῶς τῆς βασιλείας and openly took possession of the kingship. And at first ἐπείληπτο. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τοῦ Ταρκυνίου παῖδας he kept promising to Tarquin’s sons that he was was προυβάλλετο ὡς αὐτὸς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἐπιτροεύων, acting as regent, but later he turned to the support of εἶτα πρὸς θεραπείαν τοῦ δήμου ἐτράπετο, ὡς ῥᾷστα the people, since he would most easily win over the mob μᾶλλον τὸν ὅμιλον ἢ τοὺς εὐπατρίδας more than the patricians. He gave them money, parceled ὑποποιησόμενος, χρήματά τε αὐτοῖς ἐδίδου καὶ γῆν out land to each, and made preparations to free slaves ἑκάστῳ προσένειμε καὶ τοὺς δούλους and enroll them in the tribes...and with these many ἐλευθεροῦσθαι καὶ φυλετεύεσθαι attractive statements he so disposed himself to them παρεσκεύασεν...καὶ πολλὰ ἐπαγωγὰ διαλεχθεὶς αὐτῷ that they forthwith voted him the kingship. He returned οὕτω διέθετο, ὡς αὐτίκα πᾶσαν αὐτῷ τὴν βασιλείαν the favor by bestowing them with various gifts and ἐπιψηφίσασθαι. ὁ δὲ αὐτοὺς ἀμειβόμενος ἄλλα τε enrolling some of them into the Senate. ἐφιλοτιμήσατο καὶ ἐς τὸ συνέδριόν τινας αὐτῶν ἐνέγραψεν. [Servius] paid no mind to [Tarquin’s sons], and began 9. Zonaras 7.9​: ​ὁ δ᾽ ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ τούτους encouraging the Romans to take up free and democratic πεποίητο, καὶ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους πρὸς τὸ δημοκρατικὸν government. The Tarquins were all the more enraged at ἐνῆγε καὶ τὸ ἐλεύθερον. ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τούτοις this...and [Lucius] persuaded to join his cause many of ἤσχαλλον οἱ Ταρκύνιοι...καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν τε the senators and patricians who had grievances against 2 Jeremy J. Swist CAMWS University of Iowa 6 April 2019 [email protected] Lincoln, NE βουλευτῶν καὶ τῶν εὐπατριδῶν αἰτίας ἔχοντας κατὰ Tullius, and with these arrived unexpectedly at the τοῦ Τουλλίου πείσας συνάρασθαί οἱ, ἐξαπιναίως μετ᾽ senate-house, his wife Tullia also following him. And he αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον παραγέγονεν, ἑπομένης said many things, reminding those present of the αὐτῷ καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς Τουλλίας. καὶ πολλὰ μὲν εἶπε dignity of his father, and he hurled much slander on τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς ἀξίας τοὺς παρόντας ἀναμιμνήσκων, Tullius. When [Servius] learned of this and appeared in πολλὰ δ᾽ ἀπέσκωψε πρὸς τὸν Τούλλιον. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ haste, and stated his own case, Tarquin seized him, ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα μαθὼν ἐπέστη σπουδῇ, καί τι δὴ καὶ lifted him up and shoved him down the steps of the ἐφθέγξατο, συνήρπασεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐξάρας ὦσε κατὰ senate-house. And [Servius] was alarmed by Tarquin’s τῶν πρὸ τοῦ βουλευτηρίου ἀναβαθμῶν. καὶ ὁ μέν, daring and that nobody came to help him either in word ταραχθεὶς πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Ταρκυνίου τόλμαν καὶ ὅτι or deed. οὐδέ τις αὐτῷ ἐπεκούρησεν, οὔτ᾽ εἶπεν ἔτι οὐδὲν οὔτ᾽ ἐποίησε. 10. Eutropius 1.7: ​post hunc Servius Tullius After him Servius Tullius took power, born of a noble suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina, captiva woman, though a captive and slave. He too subdued the tamen et ancilla. hic quoque Sabinos subegit, Sabines, added three hills to the City (the Quirinal, montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum, Viminal, and Esquiline), and dug trenches around the urbi adiunxit, fossas circum murum duxit. primus wall. He was the first of all rulers to organize a census, omnium censum ordinavit, qui adhuc per orbem which had yet been unknown throughout the world. terrarum incognitus erat. sub eo Roma omnibus in When all were registered in the census under him Rome censum delatis habuit capita LXXXIII milia civium had a population of 83,000 Romans along with those Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. occisus est who lived in the countryside. He was murdered by the scelere generi sui Tarquinii Superbi, filii eius regis, crime of Tarquin the Proud, the son of the king he had cui ipse successerat, et filiae, quam Tarquinius succeeded, and of his daughter whom Tarquin had for a habebat uxorem.