ANALYSIS OF BUDDHIST SCULPTURES A Case Study of Malakand Collection in Swat Museum By Amjad Pervaiz TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2016 CERTIFICATE This thesis by Amjad Pervaiz is accepted in its present form by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, as satisfying the thesis requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Khan Supervisor _________________ External Examiner __________________ External Examiner __________________ Director (TIAC) Dr. Ghani-ur-Rehman __________________ Dated: __________________ Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis in its present form is the result of my individual research and it has not been submitted concurrently to any university for any other degree. ______________ Amjad Pervaiz TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD I hereby recommend that the Dissertation prepared under my supervision by Mr. Amjad Pervaiz, entitled Analysis of Buddhist Sculptures: A Case Study of Malakand Collection in Swat Museum be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. _____________________ Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan Supervisor DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, sisters, wife and daughters Yousra Khan, Mahnoor Amjad and Ayesha Amjad who suffered and compromised a lot to enable me to complete this study. Contsents LIST OF MAPS ............................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... x ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Method of Analysis ......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Questions of the Study ..................................................................... 3 1.4 Significance of the Study ................................................................................ 3 1.5 Archaeological Activities in Swat Valley ............................................................ 4 1.6 History of the Malakand Collection ..................................................................... 7 1.7 Focus of the Study ................................................................................................... 9 Geography and history of Swat Valley ........................................................................ 12 1.8 Nomenclature of Swat (Ancient Uḍḍiyāna) .......................................................... 12 1.9 Geography of Swat ................................................................................................ 12 1.9a Passes .................................................................................................................... 13 1.9b Rivers ................................................................................................................... 14 1.9c Climate................................................................................................................. 14 1.10........................................................................................................................... 15 1.11........................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................ 27 2. THEMATIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS .................................................... 27 2.1 Jātaka or previous birth stories of Buddha ................................................... 27 2.2 The Life Story of the Buddha ........................................................................ 29 Birth of prince Siddhārtha ....................................................................................... 29 2.3 Bodhisattva: ................................................................................................... 40 Busts of Bodhisattva ................................................................................................. 40 Figures NOs: 56, 65, 69 and 90 ............................................................................... 40 2.4 Heads, Hands and Foot ...................................................................................... 42 2.5 Unidentified Scenes ........................................................................................... 50 Figures NOs: 9, 17, 29,104 and105 ........................................................................ 50 2.6 Architectural Elements .................................................................................. 50 2.7 Miscellaneous Figs.16,18,20,23,24,103,109,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,1 27,129,130 and131 ................................................................................................... 53 2.8 Statistical Analysis of Malakand Collection ................................................. 56 2.9 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of Malakand Collection ................. 60 2.10 Foreign Impact on the Reliefs of Malakand Collection ................................... 61 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................ 72 CHRONOLOGY COMPARATIVE STUDY AND THE PROVENANCE OF THE MALAKAND COLLECTION ................................................................................ 72 3.1 Chronology ........................................................................................................ 72 Comparative Study of the Malakand Collection and its Provenance ...................... 78 3.2 Zonal Workshops ............................................................................................... 79 3.3 Stage-I and its Characteristics ............................................................................ 89 3.4 Stage-II and its Characteristics .......................................................................... 93 3.5 Stage-III and its Characteristics ....................................................................... 95 3.6 Development Stages of Art in Each Sub-Valley Zonal Workshop .................. 96 3.7 Development Stages of the Stone Art .............................................................. 102 3.8 Stucco and Terracotta .................................................................................... 103 3.9 Stone Quarries in the Swat Valley ................................................................... 105 3.10 Kinds of Stone Used in the Zonal Workshops ............................................. 107 3.11......................................................................................................................... 110 3.12 Graphical Representation of the Stone Material used in the Relief of the Jambil Sub-Valley Zonal Workshop ...................................................................... 110 3.13 Graphical Representation of the Stone Material used in the Relief of the Adinzai-Shamozai Sub-Valleys Zonal Workshops ............................................... 111 The Ilam Khawar Sub-Valley Zonal Workshop: ................................................... 112 3.14 Graphical Representation of the Stone Material used in the Relief of the Ilam Khawar Sub-Valley Zonal Workshop .................................................................... 112 3.15 Graphical Representation of the Stone Material used in the Relief of the Dargai-Thana Sub-Valleys Zonal Workshops ....................................................... 113 3.16 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of Each Sub-Valley Stage – I ....... 114 3.17 Graphical Representation Sculptures of Each Sub-Valley Stage – II .......... 115 3.18 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of each Sub-Valley Stage – III ..... 116 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of Jambil Sub-Valley Sub-Valley .......... 117 Stage-l, ll and lll ..................................................................................................... 117 Graphical Representation Sculptures of Ilam Khawar Sub-Valley ....................... 118 Stage-I, II and III.................................................................................................... 118 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of Adinzai and Shamozai Sub-Valleys Stage- I, II and III................................................................................................... 119 Graphical Representation of Sculptures of Dargai-Thana Sub-Valleys ................ 120 Stage- I, II and III................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................