A Roboethics Framework for the Development and Introduction of Social Assistive Robots in Elderly Care Antonio M. M. C. Espingardeiro Salford Business School University of Salford, Manchester, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 - Literature review ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Ethics in the digital world ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Exploratory work in roboethics ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Roboethics rules and guidance ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.3. “In-situ” practical workshops with SARs ........................................................................................................ 23 2.4. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3 - Human robotics interactions and ethical principles .......................................................................... 27 3.1. Human robotics interactions ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Social interactive robotics applications ......................................................................................................... 27 3.3. Socially interactive and social assistive robots applications .......................................................................... 29 3.4. Relevance of social groups and social care ethos .......................................................................................... 30 3.5. Core medical ethical principles in assistive care ............................................................................................ 31 3.6. Core ethical principles and SARs .................................................................................................................... 34 3.7. SARs - robots evaluation ................................................................................................................................ 36 3.8. SARS and HRI benchmarks ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.8.1. Safety .......................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.8.2. Scalability .................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.8.3. Autonomy ................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.8.4. Imitation ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.8.5. Privacy......................................................................................................................................................... 41 3.8.6. HRI task-oriented benchmarks ................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of HRI: ................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.8.7. HRI benchmarks, core ethics principles and social care ethos ................................................................... 45 3.8.7.1. Imitation .................................................................................................................................................. 46 3.8.7.2. Safety ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 3.8.7.3. Autonomy ................................................................................................................................................ 49 3.8.7.4. Social success ........................................................................................................................................... 52 3.8.7.5. Scalability ................................................................................................................................................. 55 3.8.7.6. Understanding of domain ........................................................................................................................ 57 3.8.7.7. Privacy ..................................................................................................................................................... 59 Summary: .............................................................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 4 - Research methodology ...................................................................................................................... 71 4.1. Research philosophies ................................................................................................................................... 71 4.2. Research methodology .................................................................................................................................. 72 4.3. Qualitative data process ................................................................................................................................ 74 4.3. Qualitative data analysis ................................................................................................................................ 76 4.4. Care home settings ........................................................................................................................................ 77 4.4. Technology used in the practical workshops ................................................................................................. 80 4.5. Robotic workshops and activities .................................................................................................................. 87 Chapter 5 - Research analysis and findings .......................................................................................................... 93 5.1. Activities program .......................................................................................................................................... 93 5.2. Research procedures ..................................................................................................................................... 94 5.3. HRI workshops, ethical principles and social care ethos ............................................................................... 95 Beneficence .......................................................................................................................................................... 96 Non-maleficence................................................................................................................................................... 97 Autonomy ............................................................................................................................................................. 97 Justice ................................................................................................................................................................... 97 5.4. Evaluation structure ...................................................................................................................................... 98 5.5. Qualitative analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 103 5.5.1. Research findings ...................................................................................................................................... 114 Locations A, B, C, D, E ......................................................................................................................................... 114 5.5.1.1. Interview 1 analysis (Table 18): ............................................................................................................. 114 Locations A, B, C, D, E ......................................................................................................................................... 116 5.5.1.2. Interview 2 analysis (Table 19): ............................................................................................................. 116 Locations A, C, D, E ............................................................................................................................................. 118 5.5.1.3. Interview 3 analysis (Table 20): ............................................................................................................. 118 5.5.2. Critical analysis ........................................................................................................................................