Klaus Oswatitsch Contributions to the Development of Gasdynamics O. Prof. Dr. Dr. e. h. Klaus Oswatitsch (Photographer Kobe, Vienna) Klaus Oswatitsch Contributions to the Development of Gasdynamics Selected Papers, Translated on the Occasion of K. Oswatitsch's 70th Birthday Edited by Wilhelm Schneider and Max Platzer With 192 figures Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Braunschweig/Wiesbaden CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Oswatitsch, Klaus: [Sammlung (engl.) I Contributions to the development of gasdynamics: selected papers, transl. on the occasion of K. Oswatitsch's 70. birthday/Klaus Oswatitsch. Ed. by Wilhelm Schneider and Max Platzer. - Braunschweig, Wiesbaden: Vieweg, 1980. ISBN 978-3-528-08452-3 ISBN 978-3-322-91082-0 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-3-322-91082-0 All rights reserved © Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn VerJagsgesellschaft mbH Braunschweig, 1980 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1980 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Set by Vieweg, Braunschweig Bookbinder: W. Langeliiddecke, Braunschweig Cover design: Kohling, Wiesbaden Preface Ever since airplane speeds started to approach the speed of sound, the study of compressible flow problems attracted much talent and support in the major indus­ trialized countries. Today, gas dynamics is a mature branch of science whose many aspects and applications are much too numerous to be mastered by a single person or to be described in a few volumes. This book commemorates the 70th birthday of a great pioneer and teacher of gas dynamics, Dr. Klaus Oswatitsch, Professor of Fluid Mechanics at the Technical University of Vienna and former Director of the Institute for Theoretical Gas Dyna­ mics, Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fUr Luft- und Raumfahrt. Several reasons motivated us to prepare an English translation of Oswatitsch's selected sci­ entific papers. First, we hope that a book containing his major papers will be wel­ come as a valuable reference text in gas dynamics. Oswatitsch's work is frequently used in the literature in one form or another, but it is usually quite time-consuming for the English speaking reader to consult the original texts. As a result, reference to and understanding of his papers is often incomplete. For example, Oswatitsch's formulation of the equivalence rule hardly ever is quoted in recent textbooks, al­ though it preceded declassification of Whitcomb's results by several years. Further­ more, his papers contain much information, which has not yet been fully appreciated in the Anglo-American literature. This is particularly true for his more recent work on analytical characteristics methods. Hence, we hope that this book will provide the reader with an easy access to many now classical results and, at the same time, draw his attention to new methods and insights. Last, but not least, we hope that the book also provides a glimpse at Professor Oswatitsch's career and human qualities. We believe that all those who have the good fortune of knowing him more intimately, especially his students and collaborators, share our appreciation for his exemplary integrity, dedication, enthusiasm and human warmth. Therefore, it was no surprise to us that our suggestion to collaborate on the translation of Oswatitsch's selected papers was readily supported by our colleagues. We are especially indebted to all the translators listed on page VI. Whereas the galley proofs of the translated papers were corrected by the translators themselves, the proof-reading of the printed papers was done by G. Anestis, H. Pachter, Dr. K. Potsch, J. Riedler, Dr. G. H. Schneider, O. Urbanek and M. Waclawiczek. M. Horvat and Mrs. H. Kasper provided valuable organizational and editorial support. Mrs. A. V E. Fuhs of Carmel, California, and Dr. W. Ziegler, Vienna, kindly read and improved several translations. We also thank the co-authors and the various publishers for their copyright permissions. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the support and respon­ siveness of the Vieweg Publishing Corporation, especially of Mr. A. Schubert. W. Schneider, Vienna, Austria Max Platzer, Monterey, California Co-Authors: S. Berndt F. Keune L. SjOdin Translators: F. Bartlrnii J. Haas M. Horvat A. Kaser A. Kluwick W.Koch R. Markytan P. Niederdrenk P. Niyogi H. Nlilrstrud R. Ravindran D. Rues H. Schwarze H. Sobieczky H. Sockel Y. C. Sun R. Stuff S. Tsangaris VI Contents Klaus Oswatitsch: His Scientific Career and Work . .. XI Scientific Publications . .. XV 1. Fundamentals and General Aspects of Fluid Mechanics ............ The Drag as Integral of the Entropy Flow . 2 Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen. Mathematisch Physikali- sche Klasse (Communications of the Academy of Science in Gottingen, Mathematical­ Physical Clas), pp. 88-90 (1945). The Conditions for the Separation ofBoundary Layers . 6 Boundary Layer Research (Grenzschichtforschung), IUTAM-Symposium, Freiburgj Br., 26-29 August 1957, pp. 357-367 (edited by H. COrtler), Berlin - Gottingen - Heidelberg. Springer 1958. Some Thoughts on Estimates in Fluid Mechanics ................. 19 Monatshefte fUr Mathematik (Wien) 66, 227-235 (1962). Possibilities and Limitations of the Theory of Linearization in Fluid Dynamics .... .. 27 (prandtl-Memorial Lecture 1969). DGLR-lahrbuch 1969, pp. 11-17. About Vorticity Numbers and Vorticity Measures 41 ZAMP 20, 628-635 (1969). 2. Laws of SimHarity and Equivalence 51 A New Law ofSimilarity for Profiles Valid in the Transonic Region .... 52 Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Techn. Note No. Aero 1902 (1947); Aeron. Res. Council Rep. and Mem. No. 2715 (1954). Aerodynamic Similarity at Axisymmetric Transonic Flow around Slender Bodies (with S. B. Berndt) . .. 68 KTH-AERO TN 15 (1950). Similarity Laws for Hypersonic Flow 76 KTH-AERO TN 16 (1950). VII Theoretical Work about Transonic Flow at the Aeronautical Institute of the Royal Technical University, Stockholm .................... 89 Proc. 8th Int. Congr. on Theor. and Appl. Mech. Istanbul (1952). Vol. I, pp. 329 -330, Istanbul, 1953. See also DVL-Report No. 66, pp. 15-23 (1958). Conical Supersonic Flow at Mach Numbers Close to One (with L. Sjodin) 96 ()sterr. Ing.-Archiv 8, 284-292 (1954). On the Influence of the Geometry of Slender Bodies of Revolution and Delta Wings on their Drag and Pressure Distribution at Transonic Speeds (with F. Keune) . .. 107 KTH-AERO TN 42 (1956). 3. Methods for Solving Problems of Gasdynamics 149 The Velocity Distribution on Symmetric Profiles with Local Super- sonic Flow Regions. .. 150 Acta PhysicaAustriaca 4, 228-271 (1950). The Flow around Bodies of Revolution at Mach Number One (with F. Keune) . .. 188 Proc. of the Conference on High Speed Aeronautics. January 1955, pp. 113-131, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (1955). Calculation ofI"otational Axisymmetric Supersonic Flowfields ....... 208 ()sterr. Ing.-Archiv 10, 359-382 (1956). On the Representation of Flows in the Vicinity ofDistinct Points . .. 239 Miszellaneen der Angewandten Mechanik (Jubilee Publication W. Tollrnien) pp. 223 -231 (edited by M. Schafer), Berlin, Akademie Verlag 1962. Propagation ofPlane Waves-Small Perturbation Theory ............. 249 Proc. Jablonna Conference, Poland (1961). Archivum Mechaniki Stosowanej 14, 621-637 (1962). Propagation Problems . .. 264 (Main Lecture at the GAMM-Annual Meeting 1965) ZAMM 45, 485-498 (1965). 4. Applications of Gasdynamics .............................. 289 Pressure Recovery for Missiles with Reaction Propulsion at High Super- sonic Speeds ......................................... 290 (The efficiency of shock diffusers). NACA TN No. 1140, June 1947. Potential Vortex Cascades for Supersonic Speeds (on the Occasion of the 70th Birthday ofProf Dr. A. Betz) .......................... 324 Zeitschrift fUr Flugwissenschaften 4,53-57 (1956). VIII Thrust and Drag in Supersonic Flow with Heat Addition 332 Acta Mechanica 3, 237-247 (1967). Intermediate Ballistics .................................. 343 DVL-Report No. 358 (1964); DLR-FB 64-37. S. Two-Phase Systems and Condensation ........................ 373 The Dispersion and Absorption ofSound in Clouds 374 Physikalische Blatter 42,365-378 (1941). Condensation Phenomena in Supersonic Nozzles 397 ZAMM 22, 1-4 (1942). The Evaporation Rate of Clouds 419 ZAMM 24, 257-263 (1944). IX Klaus Oswatitsch: His Scientific Career and Work Being a fonner student of Professor Oswatitsch I can hardly avoid including my personal points of view in the following broad outline of my teacher's sci­ entific career and work. To begin with, the very situation Professor Oswatitsch found when he returned to his native country after many years abroad can be described only by my personal impressions. Fluid mechanics, as being traditionally taught in 1960 in Vienna, was to me as well as to most of my fellow students a rather arid science, in which great pains were taken applying hundred and more years old physical laws to problems having almost no relation to modem technological develop­ ments. This changed drastically when Oswatitsch came to Vienna. The fact that he came was quite surprising to most observers of the appointment procedure. They considered Oswatitsch "too great" for Austria, and this opinion proved to be correct in so far as during 18 years, namely until two years ago, Oswatitsch held not only his professorship in Vienna but also remained in charge of a research institute in Gennany. Oswatitsch's first lectures