DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Third or Sangamon interglacial stage...................... 8 Post-Sangamon or main loess (Iowan?). ................ 9 Peorian or postloessial soil and weathered zone.... 9 MONOGRAPHS Wisconsin drift. ........................................................9 OF THE Location of the border. .................................................9 Earlier and later Wisconsin. .........................................9 United States Geological Survey Retreats and readvances of the ice............................10 Grouping of the moraines...........................................11 VOLUME LIII Evidence of readvance of the ice. ..............................12 Chronology of the Wisconsin ice sheet. .....................12 Stage and substage. ..............................................12 Calculation of time..................................................12 Retardation of movement in the Saginaw lobe.......12 Bibliography..................................................................13 Chapter II. Physical features, by Frank Leverett. ...........33 Topography. .................................................................33 WASHINGTON Altitude...................................................................33 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Michigan.....................................................................33 1915 Indiana. ......................................................................33 Relief......................................................................34 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Indiana. ......................................................................34 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Michigan.....................................................................34 Drainage.......................................................................35 Lakes. ....................................................................35 THE Indiana. ......................................................................35 PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND MICHIGAN Michigan.....................................................................35 AND THE Streams. ................................................................36 Preglacial drainage. ...................................................36 HISTORY OF THE GREAT LAKES Present-day drainage systems...................................36 Development of present drainage. .............................36 BY Thickness of the drift. ...................................................37 FRANK LEVERETT AND Chapter III. Pre-Wisconsin drift and associated deposits, FRANK B. TAYLOR by Frank Leverett.............................................................37 Limit of glaciation. ........................................................37 Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian (?) deposits. .........................38 Complexity of the boundary...................................38 Buried soil..............................................................38 Minerals in the drift. ...............................................39 Copper. ......................................................................39 Gold. ..........................................................................39 WASHINGTON Topography. .................................................................40 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Structure of the Pre-Wisconsin drift. ............................40 1915 Composition...........................................................40 Interbedded deposits.............................................41 Buried silt or loess......................................................41 CONTENTS. Buried soil. .................................................................41 Gravel and sand deposits......................................42 Abstract of volume. ........................................................... 3 Drainage.......................................................................43 Chapter I. Introduction, by Frank Leverett ....................... 6 Pre-Wisconsin deposits beneath Wisconsin drift.........44 Outline of area and subjects of discussion.................... 6 Striæ outside of the Wisconsin drift. ............................44 Field work. ..................................................................... 6 Sangamon soil and weathered zone............................45 Glacial gathering grounds and ice lobes. ...................... 6 Post-Sangamon or main loess and associated silts. ...45 Glacial succession......................................................... 7 Extent and deposition............................................45 Oldest recognized drift.............................................7 Character, of the loess. .........................................45 First or Aftonian interglacial stage. ..........................8 Peorian or postloessial soil and weathered zone.........46 Kansan drift..............................................................8 Sand deposits on the loess..........................................46 Second or Yarmouth interglacial stage....................8 Chapter IV. The Wisconsin drift border, by Frank Soil and weathered zone..............................................8 Loess............................................................................8 Leverett ............................................................................47 Illinoian and Iowan drifts. .........................................8 Correlation of the border moraines. .............................47 Monographs of the USGS Vol. LIII – Chapters 1-8 – Page 1 of 111 Course and distribution................................................ 47 Fowler-Lafayette bowlder belt. ...................................69 Topography. ................................................................ 47 Minor undulating strips. ..............................................69 Structure of the inner border..................................70 Contrast with adjacent country. .............................47 Composition. ..............................................................70 Moraine of the East White lobe. .................................47 Bowlders within the inner border................................72 Morainal tract west of East White River......................47 Striæ in the inner border........................................72 Altitude. ..................................................................48 Glacial drainage. ..........................................................73 Character. ..............................................................48 Structure of the drift. .................................................... 48 Outer border. .........................................................73 Whitewater River basin. .............................................73 Contrast with outlying drift. ....................................48 East White River basin...............................................73 Weathering.............................................................48 White River basin.......................................................74 Buried soil. .............................................................49 Walnut Creek basin....................................................74 Bowlders. ...............................................................49 Sugar Creek basin. ....................................................75 Thickness...............................................................49 Wabash River basin. ..................................................75 Outwash....................................................................... 50 Inner border. ..........................................................75 Inner border. ................................................................ 50 Chapter VII. The Saginaw lobe, by Frank Leverett.........76 General features. ...................................................50 General relations..........................................................76 St. Omar-Hope undulating strip. ............................51 Reentrant district. .........................................................76 Burney esker..........................................................51 Nebo-Gilboa ridge. ................................................76 Malta undulating strip.............................................51 Chalmers kame belt...............................................77 Malta esker. ...........................................................51 Bowldery areas......................................................77 St. Paul-Hartsville bowlder belt..............................52 Marseilles morainic system. ..................................78 Striæ near border. ....................................................... 52 Course and correlation...............................................78 Glacial drainage........................................................... 52 Topography................................................................78 Chapter V. Correlatives of the Champaign morainic Structure of the drift....................................................78 Sand of Kankakee-Tippecanoe area.....................79 system, by Frank Leverett............................................... 53 Striæ. .....................................................................81 Interpretation. .............................................................. 53 Maxinkuckee moraine and associated glacial features.81 Course and distribution................................................ 54 Course and distribution..........................................81