Order Code IB98046 Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Nigeria in Political Transition Updated August 2, 2002 Theodros Dagne Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress CONTENTS SUMMARY MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS Current Issues Historical and Political Background Transition to Civilian Rule Elections Current Economic and Social Conditions Issues in U.S.-Nigerian Relations Background The United States and the Obasanjo Government CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS, REPORTS, AND DOCUMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING IB98046 08-02-02 Nigeria in Political Transition SUMMARY On June 8, 1998, General Sani Abacha, in U.S. assistance to Nigeria. In August 2000, the military leader who took power in Nigeria President Clinton paid a state visit to Nigeria. in 1993, died of a reported heart attack and He met with President Obasanjo in Abuja and was replaced by General Abdulsalam addressed the Nigerian parliament. Several Abubakar. On July 7, 1998, Moshood Abiola, new U.S. initiatives were announced, includ- the believed winner of the 1993 presidential ing increased support for AIDS prevention election, also died of a heart attack during a and treatment programs in Nigeria and en- meeting with U.S. officials. General Abubakar hanced trade and commercial development. released political prisoners and initiated politi- cal, economic, and social reforms. He also In May 2001, President Obasanjo met established a new independent electoral com- with President Bush and other senior officials mission and outlined a schedule for elections in Washington. The two presidents discussed and transition to civilian rule, pledging to a wide range of issues, including trade, peace- hand over power to an elected civilian govern- keeping, and the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa. ment by May 1999. President Bush pledged $200 million into a new global fund for HIV/AIDS. In fiscal year In late February 1999, former military 2001, Nigeria received $77.7 million in eco- leader General Olusegun Obasanjo was elect- nomic and development assistance. The Bush ed president and was sworn in on May 29, Administration has requested $66.2 million 1999. Obasanjo won 62.8% of the votes (18.7 for FY2003. In early November 2001, Presi- million), while his challenger, Chief Olu Falae dent Obasanjo paid a visit to Washington to received 37.2% of the votes (11.1 million). In express his government’s support for the U.S.- the Senate elections, the People’s Democratic led anti-terrorism campaign. In June 2002, Party (PDP) won 58% of the votes, the All President Obasanjo paid a short visit to Wash- People’s Party (APP) 23%, and the Alliance ington, his second visit in less than a year. for Democracy (AD) 19%. In the elections for the House of Representatives, PDP received Nigeria continues to make progress in 59% of the votes, AD 22%, and APP 20%. strengthening its fragile democracy but faces serious economic challenges. With a populat- The international community welcomed ion of over 126 million, Nigeria remains the election of Obasanjo. The European Union relatively stable, although ethnic and religious restored full cooperation with Nigeria and clashes in some parts of the country have led lifted sanctions that were imposed to punish to massive displacement of civilian popula- the Abacha government. The Commonwealth tions. Thousands of civilians have been killed moved swiftly and readmitted Nigeria as a over the past several years and many more member, after 3 years of suspension. wounded in religious clashes. Relations between the United States and Nigeria improved with the transfer of power to a civilian government. In late October 1999, President Obasanjo met with President Clint- on and other senior officials in Washington. President Clinton pledged substantial increase Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress IB98046 08-02-02 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS On August 10, 2002, Nigerians are expected to vote in local elections, despite serious delays in voter registration. Some observers are concerned that if elections are held before voter registration is complete, violence could erupt. Presidential and parliamentary elections are scheduled for 2003. BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS Current Issues In late May 1999, General Obasanjo was sworn in as president of a new civilian government. In his inaugural address, President Obasanjo said he is prepared to restore confidence in government, deal with the growing economic crisis, and tackle corruption. In late June, the Nigerian Senate approved 42 of the 49 cabinet members submitted for confirmation by President Obasanjo. In early June 1999, the Commonwealth readmitted Nigeria as member, after 3 years of suspension. The European Union also restored full economic cooperation with Nigeria. In July, a court in Abuja convicted the Speaker of the House of Representatives after he pleaded guilty to perjury and forgery. The Speaker was forced to resign from Nigeria’s 469-member national assembly after admitting that he lied about his age and educational qualifications. In mid-August 1999, Energy Secretary Bill Richardson visited Nigeria and met with senior government officials. In late September, the Associate Administrator of the Federal Airports Administration (FAA), Admiral Cathal Flynn, visited Nigeria to discuss the status of the Murtala Mohammed International Airport in Lagos. The United States suspended flights to Lagos because of security concerns. On December 22, 1999, the Department of Transportation removed the suspension after Nigeria met all safety requirements. In mid-October 1999, Secretary of State Albright visited Nigeria and met with senior government officials and civil society groups. At a press briefing following her Africa tour, Secretary Albright stated that the government and people of Nigeria are “engaged in a dramatic and high-stakes struggle to establish a viable democratic system.” She said President Obasanjo “appears truly committed to jump-starting the economy, fighting corruption and resolving regional problems that remain a source of unrest within Nigeria.” In late October 1999, President Obasanjo met with President Clinton and other senior government officials in Washington. At a White House press briefing, President Clinton said that “it is very much in America’s interests that Nigeria succeed, and therefore we should assist them in their success. We intend to increase our assistance to Nigeria to expand law-enforcement cooperation and to work toward an agreement to stimulate trade and investment between us. We intend to do what we can to help Nigeria recover assets plundered by the previous regime.” President Clinton stated that the United States will CRS-1 IB98046 08-02-02 support “generous debt rescheduling through the Paris Club and encourage other countries to take further steps.” In late October, Nigeria’s Zamfara state introduced Islamic Sharia law. The introduction of Sharia law has triggered sharp reaction from non-Muslims in other parts of Nigeria. In early November, the Cross River state passed a non-binding resolution declaring the area a Christian state in protest of Zamfara state’s action. Between February and May 2000, more than 500 were killed in Kaduna in northern Nigeria in violence triggered by the proposal to introduce Sharia by Muslims. The violence was triggered in reaction to a proposal to introduce Sharia by Moslems. Following Zamfara State which began implementing Sharia in January 2000, the states of Niger and Sokoto adopted Sharia in February. As of August 2000, several more states, including Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, Yobe, and Borno have adopted Sharia. (Details available on the BBC News Web site at [http://news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/world/africa/newsid_924000/924573.stm].) Despite assurances by authorities in these states that Sharia would not apply on non- Moslems, Christian groups complain about restrictions as a result of the new law. President Obasanjo vowed to punish the perpetrators of the violence and assured Nigerians that the security services would restore law and order. President Obasanjo stated in late August 2000 that the best way to respond to Sharia was to ignore it: “I think Sharia will fizzle out. To confront it is to keep it alive.” In late June, Nigeria and the United States established a new organization to promote trade and investment. The U.S. and Nigeria Trade and Investment Council was inaugurated in late June in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. According to U.S. Deputy Trade Representative Susan Esserman, “the Council shall focus on removing impediments to trade, developing and implementing concrete strategies to strengthen reforms and achieve economic diversification and growth.” In February 2000, Nigeria and the United States signed a trade and investment agreement in Washington. In mid-May, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) decided to send an estimated 3,000 troops to the war-torn west African country of Sierra Leone. Nigeria was expected to contribute the majority of the 3,000 troops and take command of the West African force in Sierra Leone. Swiss officials said that about 120 accounts in Zurich and Geneva have been frozen. In early April 2000, Swiss officials charged a businessman for falsifying documents to open a bank account in Geneva for the Abacha family. According to the New York Times, the unidentified businessman is Dharam Vir of New Delhi, India. In mid-May, 2000, President Obasanjo announced that his government has recovered $200 million public funds looted by former Nigerian dictator Abacha and his associates. In July, Nigerian authorities announced that Swiss officials have transferred $64.36 million of the looted money to the Central Bank of Nigeria. In early April, Secretary of Defense William Cohen met with President Obasanjo in Abuja and reportedly pledged $10 million to Nigeria in military aid, including an increase in the International Military Education Training (IMET) program. CRS-2 IB98046 08-02-02 In a meeting with President Obasanjo in Abuja on August 26, 2000, President Clinton stated that the U.S.