Interdisciplinary I Teaching Material Prepared by: Philipos petros & Samuel Mitikie Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System Research Institute 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………1 Objectives of the course…………………………………………………….. …………...2 PART I. PSYCHOLOGY FOR LAWYERS Chapter One :Subject Matter of Psychology Objectives …………………………………………………………………………….4 Basic Questions …………………………………………………………………………4 1. The Meaning, Goals and Features…………………………………………………….5 1.1 The Meaning ………………………………………………………………………..5 1.2 Concerns and Features ……………………………………………………………...7 1.3 Goals of Psychology ……….....................................................................................7 2. Sub-fields of Psychology ………………………………………………. …………...10 2.1 Academic Sub-fields ………………………………………………….. ……….....11 2.2 Professional Sub-fields ……………………………………………….. ………...12 1.3. Perspectives and Research Methods in Psychology ………………………. ………18 1.3.1 Perspectives of Psychology …………………………………………………...18 1.3.1.1. Early Perspectives/Theories ……………………………………………….19 1.3.1.2. Modern Perspectives …………………………………………………….24 1.3.2 Research Methods in Psychology …………………………………………… .29 1.4. Relationship between Psychology and other Disciplines …………………………35 1.5. Importance of Psychology ………………………………………………………...38 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………39 Review Questions ………………………………………………………………… 40 Chapter Two: Understanding Social Psychology Objectives …………………………………………………………………… ……42 Basic Questions ………………………………………………………………. ……42 2.1. The Concept and Concerns of Social Psychology ………………………………….43 2.2. Understanding Attitude and Behavior ……………………………………………..46 2.3. Attribution Theory and Social Influence …………………………………………...66 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………71 i Review Questions …………………………………………………………………72 Chapter Three: Forensic Psychology, Law and Psychiatry Objectives …………………………………………………………………………...73 Basic Questions …………………………………………………………….. ………73 3.1 Forensic Psychology and Law: meaning, role and relationship …………………….74 3.2. Psychology and Psychiatry ……………………………………………………….. 87 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….103 Review Questions …………………………………………………………………..104 Chapter Four: Personality and Human Development Objectives …………………………………………………………………………106 Basic Questions ……………………………………………………………………106 4.1. The Concept, Types, Stages and Structures of Personality ………………………….107 4.2. The BIG-FIVES and Theories of Personality ………………………………………..120 4.3 Stages of Human Development including Parenting styles …………………………..132 Summary …………………………………………………………… ……………….134 Review Questions ……………………………………………………………………135 Chapter Five: The Concept of Learning Objectives ………………………………………………………………………136 Basic Questions………………………………………………………………………136 5.1 The Meaning and Approaches of Learning …………………………………………138. 5.2 Theories and Principles of Learning ………………………………………………….144 5.3. Motivation and Emotion: Concepts, Theories & Manifestations …………………….151 5.4 Memory, Remembering, Forgetting & Mental Deficiency …………………………...160 5.5. Relationship between Learning, Motivation, Emotion and Behavior ………………..168 Summary ……………………………………………………………………… ……169 Review Questions ……………………………………………………………………..170 ii Chapter Six: Abnormal Behavior /Maladjustment Problems Objectives ………………………………………………………………………...172 Basic Questions …………………………………………………………. ………….172 6. 1 Types and Causes of Psychological Disorders/Maladjustment Problems ………………173 6.2 Management of Psychological Disorders/ Maladjustment Problems …………………….190 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………..202 Review Questions ……………………………………………………………………...203 PART II. FORENSIC SCIENCE FOR LAWYERS Chapter Seven: Concepts and concerns of forensic science Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………. 206 7.1. The Meanings, Goals, and Historical Development of Forensic Science …………….206 7.2. Sub-fields of Forensic Science ………………………………………………………209 7.3. Protecting, Investigation and Examination of Crime Scene …………………………..213 7.3.1. Protecting and Investigating a Crime Scene ………………………………………..213 7.3.2. Examination of the Crime Scene………………………………………………………217 7. 3.3. Documenting the Crime Scene ………………………………………………………219 7.3.3.1. Videotaping the Crime Scene …………………………………………………….. .219 7.3.3.2. Photography the Crime Scene …………………… ……………………………….220 7.3.3.3. Crime Scene Sketching …………………………………………………….. ……221 7.4. Collection and Preservation of Evidence ………………………………………………222 Chapter Eight: Forensic Science and Evidence Objectives ………………………………………………………………….. 232 8.1. Types of Physical Evidences…………………………………………………………..232 8.2. Role of Evidences in Providing the Criminal /Suspect/ and Guilt ……………………233 8.3. The use of Forensic Laboratories ………………………………………………………. iii Chapter Nine: Fingerprints and DNA Evidence Objectives …………………………………………………………………………..236 9.1. Meanings, Principles and Historical Developments of Fingerprint …………………...236 9.2. Types and Individuality of Fingerprint…………………………………………………238 9.3. DNA and its Application in Justice system …………………………………… ……..242 Chapter Ten: Ballistics and Trace Evidence Objectives ………………………………………………………………………..254 10.1. Ballistics Evidences and their Application in Criminal Identification…………………...255 Chapter Eleven: Blood and other Body Fluid Evidences Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………….276 11.1. Blood as a Physical Evidence ……………………………………………………….276 11.1.1. Species Identification ……………………………………………………………278. 11.1.2. The Discovery of ABO Blood Groups ……………………………………………281 11.1.3. Paternity ………………………………………………………………………….284 11.2. Semen as Physical Evidence …………………………………………………………290 Chapter Twelve: Arson and Explosive Objectives …………………………………………………………………………...291 Chapter Thirteen: Medico-legal aspects of Death and Toxicology………………………...321 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………331 iv INTERDISCIPLINARY I INTRODUCTION This course, Interdisciplinary I, deals with two major specialist areas of focus: psychology for lawyers and forensic science. It has strong interface with other courses including law of persons, family law, constitutional law, law of evidence, criminal law, etc. Hence this should be considered in the process of dealing with this tantalizing course. Throughout the course, we will examine the various aspects of human psychology and forensic science with the context of legal system's basic assumptions, principles, approaches and procedures in light of empirical, social and scientific evidence and perspectives. This teaching material, which should be handled by a team of lecturers (psychology/social psychology, forensic science, those trained in interdisciplinary study I, etc) focuses on the conceptual, theoretical and methodological frameworks and practical aspects of human psychology and forensic science. It covers the subject matters, importance, theories, principles and approaches of psychology and forensic science for law students. The material contains two parts with thirteen chapters. The first part of the material deals with psychology by focusing on the subject matter, key concepts, sub-fields, theories, research methods and relevance of dealing with psychology for lawyers. The second part deals with the principles, methodologies/techniques and importance of forensic sciences. Part one covers the first six chapters. Chapter one deals with the meaning, goals, concerns, historical development, sub-fields, perspectives and research methods of psychology. Chapter two is concerned with social psychology, aspects, dimensions and relationship between attitude and behavior, attribution and social influence. The third chapter deals with the forensic psychology and law, including legal and criminal psychology; psychology and psychiatry relating to offenders, victims, criminal By Philipos P. & Samuel M. 1 responsibility, insanity and civil incapacity. Chapter four is concerned with the aspects of personality and human development including parenting styles, personality traits and structures. The fifth chapter covers the concept, theories of learning, memory, forgetting, aspects of motivation and emotions. Abnormal psychology that deals with anti-social behavior/maladjustment problems and the management aspects is covered under chapter six. The second part of the material has seven chapters where it starts from the seventh chapter. This chapter deals with the concept and concerns of Forensic Science; chapter eight focuses on Forensic Science and Evidences. Chapter nine covers Fingerprint and DNA Evidences. Chapter ten deals with, Ballistics and Trace Evidences The eleventh chapter on the other hand covers Blood and other Body Fluid Evidences. Chapter twelve deals with Arson and Explosive Evidences whilst the thirteenth chapter covers Medico legal aspects of Death and Toxicology. In sum, this material provides you with the knowledge and skills pertaining to the aspects of psychology and forensic sciences so as to make you more capable in dealing with multitude of problems related to behavioral and personality disorders that have legal concerns. OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE After being through this course, the students will be able to: . define psychology and forensic science; . know the principles, perspectives and approaches/methods of psychology and forensic science; . define behavior, attitude, thought, personality, motivation, emotion, personality and their disorders; . know the importance and contributions of psychology and forensic science for lawyers; . differentiate between forensic psychology and criminal /legal/ psychology; . know the interaction between the fields of psychology,