Community Based Natural Resource Management in the IGAD region J. Awimbo, E. Barrow, and M. Karaba May, 2004 The findings, interpretations and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or IGAD. This publication is based on a community based natural resource management formulation project undertaken for IGAD by IUCN-The World Conservation Union Eastern African Regional Office with funding from USAID- REDSO. Authors Details 1. Nabil Mohammed, Head, CERD, B.P.1010, Djibouti. [email protected] (Djibouti chapter). 2. Ekube Tesfagiorgis, Rural Development Consultant, DEES, P.O.Box 1891, Asmara, Eritrea. [email protected] (Eritrea chapter) 3. Shribu Tedla, General Manager, Eco-Consult, P.O.Box 5998, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [email protected]. (Ethiopia chapter) 4. Violet Matiru, Consultant, Nairobi. [email protected]. (Kenya Chapter) 5. El Nur Elsiddig, Dean, Faculty of Forest, Shambat, University of Khartoum, Sudan. [email protected] (Sudan chapter) 6. Cornelius Kazoora, Director, Sustainable Development Centre, P.O. Box 5463, Kampala, Uganda. [email protected] (Uganda chapter) 7. Janet Awimbo, Training Officer, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] (editor) 8. Edmund G.C.Barrow. Coordinator, Forest and Dryland Conservation, and Social Policy, IUCN-The World Conservation Union Eastern Africa Regional Office, P.O.Box 68200, Nairobi Kenya. [email protected] (editor) 9. Mainia Karaba, InterGovernmental Authority on Development, P.O.Box 2653, Djibouti, [email protected] (editor) i Reproduction of material in this volume for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder. Reproduction of material in this volume for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior permission of the copyright holder. Copyright: © 2004. Copyright of this publication is owned by IGAD and IUCN - The World Conservation Union. The views expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect those of IGAD or IUCN. Citation: Janet Awimbo Edmund Barrow and Maina Karaba(2004): Community Based Natural Resource Management in the IGAD region, x + 249pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0716-1 Cover photo: Top left - giraffe around Aberdares, Kenya Top right - the Green Belt of Eritrea Middle left - the mist of the Green Belt, Eritrea Middle - children silhouted over lake in Kenya Bottom left - leaves in Kakemega forest, Kenya Bottom middle - non timber forest products from Sudan Bottom right - Acacia woodland in Djibouti (Edmund Barrow, IUCN) Design & Layout by: Gordon O. Arara Printed by: Scanhouse Press Ltd. Available from: IGAD Secretariat IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office P. O. Box 2653 P.O.Box 68200 - 00200 DJIBOUTI Nairobi, KENYA Tel: +253 354050 Tel + 254 20 890605-12 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.igad.org Webstie: www.iucn.org/places/earo The text is printed on Diamond Art Paper, made from sugarcane waste, recycled paper and totally chlorine free pulp. ii CONTENTS Acknowledgements...................................................................... viii Preface……….................................................................................. ix Foreword……................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................. 1 1.1 The IGAD Region..................................................................................................................1 1.2 Livelihood and Food Security as a Basis for Responsible CBNRM..............................3 1.3 What is Community Based Natural Resource Management? .........................................6 1.4 IGAD, and its engagement with CBNRM.........................................................................8 1.5 Background to, and layout, of the book...........................................................................10 Chapter 2: The Natural Resource and Policy Basis for CBNRM in the Region........................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................11 2.2 The Natural Resource Base.................................................................................................12 2.3 Policy, Legislation and Institutions....................................................................................14 2.4 Social and Economic Issues in CBNRM..........................................................................19 Chapter 3: Community Based Natural Resource Management In Djibouti................................................................ 26 Djibouti Summary ...............................................................................................................................26 3.1 Background to the Country ................................................................................................35 3.2 Natural Resources.................................................................................................................36 3.3 Policies and Legislation that are Relevant to CBNRM..................................................42 3.4 Institutional Framework for CBNRM ..............................................................................44 3.5 Experiences with CBNRM..................................................................................................46 3.6 Opportunities for CBNRM.................................................................................................48 3.7 Challenges for CBNRM.......................................................................................................49 3.8 Key Issues and Actions for CBNRM................................................................................50 CHAPTER 4: COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ERITREA .................................. 51 Eritrea Summary..................................................................................................................................51 4.1 Background............................................................................................................................61 4.2 The Natural Resource Base.................................................................................................61 4.3 Polices and Legislation that are Relevant to CBNRM ...................................................65 4.4 Institutional Framework for CBNRM ..............................................................................68 4.5 Experiences with CBNRM..................................................................................................70 4.6 Management of Riverine Forests.......................................................................................71 4.7 Opportunities for CBNRM.................................................................................................73 4.8 Challenges for CBNRM.......................................................................................................74 4.9 Key Issues and Recommendations for CBNRM............................................................75 iii Chapter 5: Community Based Natural Resource Management In Ethiopia............................................................... 77 Ethiopia Summary...............................................................................................................................77 5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................83 5.2 Natural Resources.................................................................................................................83 5.3 Policies and Legislation that are Relevant to CBNRM..................................................85 5.4 Institutional Framework for CBNRM ..............................................................................90 5.5 Experiences with CBNRM................................................................................................100 5.6 Opportunities for CBNRM...............................................................................................101 5.7 Challenges for CBNRM.....................................................................................................102 5.8 The Way Ahead - Key Issues and Actions for CBNRM.............................................106 Chapter 6: Community Based Natural Resource Management In Kenya ................................................................ 109 Kenya Summary.................................................................................................................................109 6.1 Background..........................................................................................................................116 6.2. Policy and Legislation that have an Impact on CBNRM ............................................116 6.3 The Institutional Framework for CBNRM....................................................................123 6.4 Experiences with CBNRM................................................................................................128 6.5 Opportunities for CBNRM...............................................................................................132 6.6 Challenges for CBNRM.....................................................................................................133