VOL 1 ISSUE 4 December 2015 Guest Editor IR3 Feature Articles Dr. Robyn Fiori 2 Editorial Corner 3 Understanding the Impediments to Inter-Organizations Information Sharing: Application to the Telecommunications Sector 12 Risk Mitigation Strategies for Large Power Transformers 21 Space Weather Forecasting for the Electrical Power Grid 35 Modernization of the RCMP’s Suspicious Incident Reporting (SIR) System 38 Security and Operational Resilience Cycle: Facilitated Group Exercise 44 Literature Corner Intended to provide readers with articles and sources on topics of professional interest. Editorial Board Martin Rudner Felix Kwamena The Infrastructure Resilience Research Group (IR2G), connection with, in relation to, or arising out of the Office of the Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Design, use of the content. Carleton University and The Editors of the “Infrastructure Resilience Risk Reporter (IR3)” make All rights reserved. No part of this publication may no representations or warranties whatsoever as to be reproduced or transmitted, in whole or in part, in the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any any form, or by any means, without the prior purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views permission of the Editors. expressed in this online journal are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or The Infrastructure Resilience Risk Reporter (IR3) endorsed by IR2G or the Office of the Dean. The may occasionally receive unsolicited features and accuracy of the content should not be relied upon and materials, including letters to the editor; we reserve should be independently verified with primary the right to use, reproduce, publish, re-publish, store sources of information. IR2G or the Office of the and archive such submissions, in whole or in part, in Dean shall not be liable for any losses, actions, any form or medium whatsoever, without claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, compensation of any sort. The Infrastructure damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or Resilience Risk Reporter (IR3) is not responsible for howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in unsolicited manuscripts and photographic material. Editorial Corner Dr. Robyn Fiori About the Editor Dr. Robyn Fiori is a research scientist for the Canadian the challenges involved in the replacement of one or Hazards Information Service of Natural Resources more failed transformers, and discuss risk mitigation Canada specializing in space weather. Her research is strategies. Focusing on impacts to the electrical power applied to the development and improvement of space grid, Christopher Balch discusses the role of the weather tools and forecasts to be used by operators of NOAA Space Weather Predictions Center in critical infrastructures and technologies in Canada. As mitigating impacts through the real-time monitoring well, it has been published in numerous peer reviewed and forecasting of geomagnetic activity on a variety of scientific journals, including the Journal of time scales. Geophysical Research, the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, and Space Weather. The RCMP’s National Critical Infrastructure Dr. Fiori received her B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. from the Intelligence team works to protect all Canadian University of Saskatchewan, Department of Physics infrastructures. They write an article describing and Engineering Physics while studying in the Institute modernization of the RCMP’s suspicious incident of Space and Atmospheric Studies. reporting system which collects information on suspicious incidents to review in a broader context This Issue with the goal of identifying potential threats. The fourth issue of IR3 highlights the interdependency Connie Delisle and Felix Kwamena point out the of critical infrastructure and describes some of the interdependency of critical infrastructure and the strategies and organizations developed to mitigate risk importance of training to properly understand the and improve the resilience and security of these challenges involved in developing critical incident systems. response action plans and to strengthen response efforts. They describe scenario-based learning Communication is key in any disaster scenario, techniques applied by the infrastructure resilience regardless of the cause. Benoît Robert, Justine researchers and Carleton University at a recent Arnoux, and Luciano Morabito describe the workshop. interconnectivity of telecommunications systems and the importance of inter-organizational cooperation to Next Issue ensure the smooth operation and resilience of the systems, both in general and in an emergency For Issue 5 we invite authors working in academia or situation. They review different kinds of Canadian industry to contribute articles relating to their telecommunications, their interdependencies, and the experience in the field of infrastructure resilience challenges and opportunities involved in information describing potential sources of compromise and sharing. lessons learned. Draft articles of 3000-4000 words are requested by early April. You may not have much Power systems form a critical layer of infrastructure on time or experience in writing ‘academic’ articles, but which many others depend. Damage to such systems IR3’s editorial board can provide guidance and help. is accompanied by severe impacts to the economy, Your experience is valuable and IR3 provides an ideal safety, and security. Kenneth Friedman and Tiffany environment for sharing it. Choi examine the risks to large power transformers, 2 Understanding the Impediments to Inter-Organizational Information Sharing: Application to the Telecommunications Sector Benoît Robert, Ph.D. Département de mathématiques et de génie industriel École Polytechnique Montréal Email: [email protected] Justine Arnoux, M.Sc.A. Département de mathématiques et de génie industriel École Polytechnique Montréal Email: [email protected] Luciano Morabito, Eng. Département de mathématiques et de génie industriel École Polytechnique Montréal Email: [email protected] Abstract particularly heavily used category of critical Telecommunication networks are considered critical infrastructure. These systems are not only at the heart infrastructure because these networks provide a vital of all socioeconomic activities and the ongoing resource which society needs to properly operate. These networks are also highly interconnected systems. Enhancing management of organizations, they also play a key the resilience of telecommunication networks is therefore role during emergencies to allow, among other things, essential and has to be supported by inter-organizational the coordination of first responders. Importantly, all cooperation. Important challenges remain in the sharing of other critical infrastructures depend on information between telecommunication operators regarding their interdependencies. This article presents the telecommunication systems. For example, water and various types of Canadian telecommunication operators, power utilities use telecommunications for their categories of interdependencies between them, as well as SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) challenges and opportunities linked to information sharing. A framework for exchanging and sharing information is systems, which enables them to operate their facilities then proposed. This article is the outcome of research done remotely (Rinaldi et al., 2001). This massive use of by the Centre risque & performance at Polytechnique telecommunications is far from reaching an end; Montréal, within the framework of a project financed by consider, for example, the concepts of the digital Defence Research and Development Canada, with the cooperation of Industry Canada and the Centre de services society, the Internet of Things and Smart Cities, which partagés du Québec (Arnoux, 2015). are in the news these days. It is clear that telecommunication systems must be I. WIDE VARIETY OF ACTORS TO BE INVOLVED TO protected. In particular, their resilience must be ENSURE SYSTEM RESILIENCE safeguarded. Resilience is defined as “the capacity of Telecommunication systems correspond to one of a system, community or society potentially exposed to the ten classes of critical infrastructure defined in the hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to Government of Canada’s National Strategy for reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning Critical Infrastructure (Government of Canada, 2009). and structure” (Government of Canada, 2009, p. 4). Telecommunication systems are vital for the smooth According to the National Strategy for Critical functioning of society as a whole, and represent a Infrastructure, “responsibilities for critical infrastructure in Canada are shared by federal, 3 provincial and territorial governments, local essentially in the form of large regional monopolies, authorities and critical infrastructure owners and most of which were held by Bell Canada, and operators – who bear the primary responsibility for regulated by the Railway Act; however, it has evolved protecting their assets and services” (Government of considerably since the 1970s (CRTC, 2005). Canada, 2009, p. 2). Influenced by the wave of deregulation under way in the U.S. telecommunications sector at the time and the In the case of telecommunication systems, a brief emergence of new technologies that made it possible overview of the sector will emphasize the diversity of to provide ever more diversified services, the the owners of telecommunication