Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Since the early days of integrated pest management a sound ecological foundation has been considered essential for the development of effective systems. From time to time, there have been attempts to evaluate the ways in which ecological theory is exploited in pest control, and to review the lessons that ecologists learn from pest management. In the last 20 years there have been many developments within the contribution of ecological theory to integrated pest management, and the objective of this book is to capture some of the new themes in both pest management and ecology that have emerged and to provide an updated assessment of the role that basic ecology plays in the development of rational and sustainable pest management practices. The major themes are examined, assessing the significance and potential impact of recent technological and conceptual developments for the future of integrated pest management. Marcos Kogan is Professor and Director Emeritus of the Integrated Plant Protection Center at Oregon State University. Paul Jepson has been Director of the Integrated Plant Protection Center at Oregon State University since 2002. Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson Oregon State University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521822138 ß Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge. A catalogue record for this Publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Perspectives in ecological theory and integrated pest management / edited by Marcos Kogan, Paul Jepson. - - 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-521-82213-8 ISBN-10: 0-521-82213-0 1. Pests- -Integrated control. I. Kogan, M. (Macros) II. Jepson, Paul C. III. Title. SB950.P37 2007 632’.9- -dc22 2007003606 ISBN-13 978-0-521-82213-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. On May 14, 2004 we were shocked and saddened by the news that our good friend and colleague Ron Prokopy had died. He will not see published the excellent chapter he wrote for this volume in collaboration with his former student, Bernie Roitberg, but his legacy will live on. We dedicate this volume to Ron’s memory for all that he contributed to advances in our knowledge of insect behavior and to progress in IPM. Contents List of Contributors ix Preface xv 1 Ecology, sustainable development, and IPM: The human factor 1 M. Kogan and P. Jepson 2 From simple IPM to the management of agroecosystems 45 R. Levins 3 Populations, metapopulations: elementary units of IPM systems 65 L. Winder and I. P. Woiwod 4 Arthropod pest behavior and IPM 87 R. J. Prokopy and B. D. Roitberg 5 Using pheromones to disrupt mating of moth pests 122 R. T. Carde´ 6 Nutritional ecology of plant feeding arthropods and IPM 170 A. R. Panizzi 7 Conservation, biodiversity, and integrated pest management 223 S. D. Wratten, D. F. Hochuli, G. M. Gurr, J. Tylianakis and S. L. Scarratt vii viii Contents 8 Ecological risks of biological control agents: impacts on IPM 246 H. M. T. Hokkanen, J. C. van Lenteren and I. Menzler-Hokkanen 9 Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants 269 G. G. Kennedy and F. Gould 10 Modeling the dynamics of tritrophic population interactions 301 A. P. Gutierrez and J. Baumga¨ rtner 11 Weed ecology, habitat management, and IPM 361 R. F. Norris 12 The ecology of vertebrate pests and integrated pest management (IPM) 393 G. Witmer 13 Ecosystems: concepts, analyses, and practical implications in IPM 411 T. D. Schowalter 14 Agroecology: contributions towards a renewed ecological foundation for pest management 431 C. I. Nicholls and M. A. Altieri 15 Applications of molecular ecology to IPM: what impact? 469 P. J. De Barro, O. R. Edwards and P. Sunnucks 16 Ecotoxicology: The ecology of interactions between pesticides and non-target organisms 522 P. C. Jepson Index 553 Contributors Miguel A. Altieri Division of Insect Biology University of California Berkeley, CA USA P. J. De Barro CSIRO Entomology 120 Meiers Rd Indooroopilly QLD 4068 Australia Johann Baumga¨rtner Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agroecosystems (CASA) Kensington, CA USA and Population Ecology and Ecosystem Science International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi, Kenya Ring T. Carde´ Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, California 92521 USA O. R. Edwards CSIRO Entomology Private Bag No. 5 ix x Contributors Wembley, WA 6913 Australia Fred Gould Department of Entomology Box 7630 North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 USA Geoff M. Gurr Faculty of Rural Management The University of Sydney PO Box 883 Orange, NSW 2800 Australia Andrew Paul Gutierrez Ecosystem Science University of California Berkeley, CA USA and Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agroecosystems (CASA) Kensington, CA USA Dieter F. Hochuli School of Biological Sciences The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia H. M. T. Hokkanen Laboratory of Applied Zoology Box 27 University of Helsinki FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland Paul Jepson Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Contributors xi George G. Kennedy Department of Entomology Box 7630 North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7630 USA Marcos Kogan Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Richard Levins Department of Population and International Health Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA USA and Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics Havana, Cuba I. Menzler-Hokkanen Laboratory of Applied Zoology Box 27 University of Helsinki FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland Clara Ines Nicholls Division of Insect Biology University of California Berkeley, CA USA Robert F. Norris Weed Science Program Plant Science Department University of California Davis, CA USA Antoˆnio R. Panizzi EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja xii Contributors Rod. Carlos Joa˜o Strass Caixa Postal 231 Londrina PR 86001-970 Brazil Ronald J. Prokopy{ Department of Entomology University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 USA Bernard D. Roitberg Department of Biological Sciences Simon Frasier University Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada Samantha L. Scarratt Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division PO Box 84 Lincoln University Canterbury New Zealand T. D. Schowalter Entomology Department Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA P. Sunnucks Department of Genetics La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia Jason Tylianakis Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division PO Box 84 Lincoln University Canterbury, New Zealand {Deceased May 14, 2004 Contributors xiii J. C. van Lenteren Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University The Netherlands Linton Winder School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji Islands Gary Witmer USDA/WS National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521-2154 USA Ian P. Woiwod Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK Steve D. Wratten Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division PO Box 84 Lincoln University Canterbury, New Zealand Preface The dependence of integrated pest management (IPM) on sound ecological theory has been frequently reaffirmed by both IPM practitioners and theoreticians. Insect pests, diseases, and weeds still present us with enormous challenges in all global cropping systems, and we continue to be engaged in a struggle to understand the underlying drivers of their epidemiology and the most effective management strategies. Sustainable IPM systems in the future are going to depend on significant further advances in all the sciences and technologies that contribute to insect pest, disease, and weed suppression. Although IPM systems are deeply ecological in nature, no- one can argue that we have yet defined or formalized the ways in which ecological theory can be developed and exploited to maximize their effectiveness. The application of ecological ideas in the intensely practical realm of agriculture is a slow and difficult process. In this regard the book by G. H. Walter (2003) may serve as a preamble to this volume; although focused on insects, Walter’s comments are equally applicable to plant pathogens and diseases. In it Walter states that ‘‘Insect ecology research for IPM purposes is represented by a rather grey area; the linkage between theory and practice is still not explicit.’’ We think that some of the chapters in the present book offer insights arguing that ecological