East Asian History NUMBER 27 . JUNE 2004 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Associate Editor Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Editorial Advisors B0rge Bakken John Clark Louise Edwards Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Fitzgerald Colin Jeffcott Li Tana Kam Louie Lewis Mayo Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Benjamin Penny Kenneth Wells Design and Production Design ONE Solutions, Victoria Street, Hall ACT 2618 Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the twenty-seventh issue of East Asian History, printed August 2005, in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. This externally refereed journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 2 6125 3140 Fax +61 26125 5525 Email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Marion Weeks, East Asian History, at the above address, or to [email protected] Annual Subscription Australia A$50 (including GST) Overseas US$45 (GST free) (for two issues) ISSN 1036-6008 iii CONTENTS 1 Friendship in Ancient China Aat Vervoom 33 The Mystery of an "Ancient Mirror": An Interpretation of Gujing ji in the Context of Medieval Chinese Cultural History Jue Chen 51 The Missing First Page of the Preclassical Mongolian Version of the Hsiao-ching: A Tentative Reconstruction Igor de Rachewiltz 57 Historian and Courtesan: Chen Yinke !l*Ji[Nj. and the Writing of Liu Rushi Biezhuan t9P�Qjll:J,jiJf� Wen-hsin Yeh 71 Demons, Gangsters, and Secret Societies in Early Modern China Robert]. Antony 99 Martyrs or Ghosts? A Short Cultural History of a Tomb in Revolutionary Canton, 1911-70 Virgil Kit-Yiu Ho iv Cover Calligraphy Yan Zhenqing 1ffl1�9IlD Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover Illustration A painting commemorating the Huanghua gang martyrs by the Famous Lingnan School painter He Jianshi {iiJ �� ,± Xiu Jinhua, Huanghua gang gongyuan[The Huanghua gang Park], Guangzhou: Lingnan Meishu Chubanshe, 2001, p.53. THE MISSING FIRST PAGE OF THE PRECLASSICAL MONGOLIAN VERSION OF THE HSIAO-CHING: A TENTATIVE RECONSTRUCTION � Igor de Rachewiltz The Preclassical Mongolian version of the Chinese Classic of Filial Piety Iidem, "The seventh chapter ...," in F. W. Cleaves, (Hsiao-ching �) is a well-known text, several times edited by An earlyMongolian version of the Hsiao ching [The book of filial 1 Mongol and Western scholars and twice translated into English. It is piety]. Chapters Seven, Eight and Nine the only 'Mongol' book of the Yuan period to have physically survived TransCription, Translation, Commen­ in China, almost certainly because it was a Chinese classic in a bilingual tary. Chapters Ten through Seventeen Transcription, Translation, TheMongolia SOCiety Occasional Papers No.23 (Bloomington, Ind.: 2001), pp.7-58. For Cleaves' subsequent chapters, see NB (Abbreviations: ch. � Chinese; mo. Ithe Hsiao-ching," ibid., 16 (1982): 7- ibid., pp.59-131; and "The eighteenth � Written [Script] Mongolian; mmo. � 109; F. W. Cleaves, "The first chapter of chapter ... ," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Middle Mongolian; pmo. � Preclassical an early Mongolian version of the Studies (hereafter HJAS) 45 0985} Mongolian) Hsiao ching," Acta Orientalia Hung. 225-54. For further references, see de (hereafter AOl!) 36 (1982) 69--88; idem, Rachewiltz, "Preclassical Mongolian 1 See Xa. Luvsanbaldan, AClait nomyn "The second chapter ...," in K. Sagaster, version," 0982} pp.14-15, and below, M. Weiers,eds, DocumentaBa rbarorum. tuxaL ACilaltu nom-un tuqai, Studia n.3. The Mongol text of the Hsiao­ Festschrift fur Walther Heissig zum 70. Mongolica Inst. linguae et litterarnm ching is frequently cited and discussed Comito Scient. et Educ. Altae Reipublicae Gebunstag (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, in the works of A. Mostaert, F. W. 1983), pp.39-46; Dobu et al., eds. and PopuliMongoli, III/12 (Ulan Bator: 1961) Cleaves and other scholars. Cf., e.g., A. (hereafter Lu); L. Ligeti, "La xylographie comm., Uyiyurjin Mongyol ii.sug-un Mostaert, Sur quelques passages de sino-mongo Ie du Hiao-king," in L. durasqaltu biCig-ud, (Peking: 1983), I'Histoire Secrete des Mongols (Cam­ Ligeti, Monuments prl!classiques 1. xiii" pp.7&-157; L. Ligeti, "A propos de la traduction mongole preclassique du bridge, Mass.: Harvard-Yenching Insti­ et xitf siecles, Monumenta linguae tute,1953), [270a] (Index); F. W. Cleaves Mongolicae collecta II (Budapest: Aka­ Hiao-king," AOH 38 (1984) 303-49; 1. in HJAS 12 (949): 110,n.78; M. Weiers, demiai Kiad6, 1972), pp.76-106; idem, de Rachewiltz, "More about the pre­ Monuments prl!clasiques 1. xiil€ et xitf classical Mongolian version of the Untersuchungen zu einer historischen sieclespanie), (deuxieme Indicesverborum Hsiao-ching," ZAS 19 0986} 27-37; F. Grammatik des praklassischen Schrift­ linguae Mongolicae monumentis tra­ W. Cleaves, "The third chapter of an mongolisch (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, ditorumII (Budapest: Akademiai Kiad6, early Mongolian version of the Hsiao 1969),p.24 et passim; M. N. Orlovskaya, 1972) pp.71-153; 'Der Blockdruck des ching," Mongolian Studies 14 (Bloom­ Yazyk mongol'skikh tekstov XIII-XIV VV. Xiaojlng aus dem Palastmuseum in ington, Ind: 1991) 117-43; idem, "The (Moscow: IVANR,1999), p.18 et passim. chinesischer und mongolischer Sprache', fourth chapter ... ," ibid., 15 0992} In Japan and Inner Mongolia, scholars Zentralasiatische Studien (hereafter ZAS) 137-50; idem, "The fifth chapter ... ," like H. Kuriyabashi,jayunasutu (Junast), 12 (1978) 159-235; 1. de Rachewiltz, ibid., 16 0993} 19-40; idem, "The Qasartani and others have also dealt with "The preclassical Mongolian version of sixth chapter ...," ibid., 17 0994} 1-20; various aspects of this interesting text. 51 52 IGOR DE RACHEWlLTZ 2 The only other Preclassical Mongol edition; the Chinese text in it has saved it for posterity.2 It is virtually work to have survived the Ming res­ complete, except for a few minor lacunae, and the title page and the first toration and the nationalist fervour accompanying it is the famous tetra­ page (Ir) which are unfortunately missing.3 We do not know whether glottal blockprint of 1431 of two Bud­ it contained also a preface and/or a postface or a colophon. dhist Tantric texts edited by W. Heissig Xa. Luvsanbaldan CQa. Lubsangbaldan), F. W. Cleaves and the in W. Heissig, "Zwei mutmasslich mon­ present writer have already attempted to reconstruct in full or in part golische YLian-Libersetzungen und ihr the missing page on the basis of the Chinese text; however, none of them Nachdruck von 1431, " ZAS 10 (1976): 7-115. It is quite possible that the seriously tried to restore the entire Mongol text of lr taking into account Hsiao-ching versionthat has been handed the space available in each of the lines, and the arrangement and down is also a Ming print, possibly distribution of the Chinese text which, in fact, determines the availability made from original Yuan blocks. See de 4 Rachewiltz, "Preclassical Mongolian of space. I shall endeavour now to establish a new reconstruction taking version," 1982, pp.17, 25, n.25. all factors into consideration. I am reasonably confident that the solution 3 A single leaf (5r-v) from another presented here is the correct one or, at any rate, quite close to it.5 (lost) exemplar of the same work was The two basic criteria for the 'selection' of the missing words in found by W. Fuchs in Peking in the 1930s; it was published together with a the Mongol text are 1) the arrangement of the Chinese text following transcription, translation and conunen­ the pattern and format adopted in the book, and 2) the amount of space tary by A. Mostaert in Monumenta Serica available in each line for the Chinese characters and the Mongol words 4 0939-40): 325-9 on the basis of the average distribution of both throughout the work. 4 See. Lu, 4 (lines 2, 4-7); Cleaves, "The first chapter," 1982, p.71 Clines 1, 3, 4, 5 The portion of a line occupied by a letter of the Uighur-Mongol alphabet and 7); de Rachewiltz, "Preclassical will conventionally be referred to as an em. Please note that, for the Mongolian verSion, " 1982, p.28 (lines sake of convenience, the space between words Cand between a Chinese 6-7) character and a Mongol word following it) is reckoned as 2 ems, and 5 As it will become apparent, the strict limits imposed by the amount of space the characteristic Uighur final ductus as being equivalent to 3 ems 6 The available for the Mongol text in each letters with a ductus will be highlighted in transcription whenever line leave little room for choice. There­ necessary by being printed in bold type. Since measurements by ems fore, while in theory several recon­ structions are possible, this is not so in and cm. must be carried out on a photo-reproduction of the text which practice. is clear and in which the frames are of uniform size, all references are 6 The measurements in ems are purely to the text published in Zentralasiatische Studien 12:1978, 159-235.1 conventional, but since they are used With regard to 0), it is evident that the first line of lr contained the for comparison with passages and lines throughout the book, they are valid for Chinese title of the book; the second line, the corresponding title in the purpose of the present reconstruction. Mongolian on the same level;8 the third line, the title of the first section 7 See above, n.1. C$:) in Chinese at a lower level (corresponding to the space occupied 8 It is unlikely that, as postulated by by two to four Chinese characters above it);9 and the fourth line, the Cleaves, "The first chapter," 1982, p.71, the Mongol title followed immediately Mongol version of the title of the first section on the same level of the after the Chinese title since this is not third line.