PROBLEM FORMULATION Il . OBJECTIVE SCOPE AND lviETHODOLOG·Y ------- c_;-·~.-'1 INDIA ARUNACHAL PRADESH (_'x ___ f ·""- .r \, .. L,. J-· \.. (' rl-, • .-, I (T · b ) / .. -1 ,. .. : ., cv··-, j'·\ 1 e t _(· __ ,-: .y ·"'-· ""'( · ...... "f'._ ..,... ....... - .. ' .r·· ·· -·-""-.., ,.1· '\ r··t c. _.,.~ :, ·:~'!:.-.:).:-"!' .. T·· {,' • / ..... ~ ,_ ,,,_, ___ .- ·< .f-... .J --·.!--., , --~ _ ,,_ _, ~ tl,r ry..( L-; @ Anini . \ • ' • ~ "'::•• " 1. r _/ .. ,,,.. \.... .., r' ~'<I r 1 ,_._, • ~ _ r' West Siang 1 East \ Dibang Valley ~- '--"··---·· "'\. I . } ,.,· .. -....,_ - · I : Upper ' ' ( "-Stang 1l ,..,~_r ··./ '\ ......, J /, • . -'\ \ ._, ..l I-~ 0o .. Subans1n _.._, , -~ ... - , Lohit ?. .• ;}.. -----, Doporijo ~ I> ', • '1 ? \Along •' -.--./ l>rezu /'""' (; .- ./"_...J Lower \'- I> t. " , fb~of)v · I . "- _ Subansiri '1 ~> I ~ ,.--. / - __.r- J- "' - ,. .r • ---- ( -1 ,r·· ....r "i "'--, Oziro "" ......., "" ,..,·v· 'l. _., ' "' , ". ·~· ..-, .- ,..r·· ', East ' ri: .r· ! Chong!ang <,_ .lraW<i/g' ,• West 'j«meng \ ) "' "'-. · 0 , ' -~· "'"?c•~·~·-~_, _,... I ·. a\..~ ·~··""!"- lawarrt:l Kameng ',<Seppo @ ,'l · / r"' · r·.,_, ...-· .., -J 0_,..,·· o~ \'(\''""')p. \\ ' \ ' ,., . ., ' \ ,-;, l>eomd!f'i.J ~--~ , ( \-;;;;.,.; _..J\) p. r , • ,.. s , ·"' I /--....../'.....~ \ J'_.f'-·-_·-·~'---·-·p. s /·..r~r~~ J,ntemotio;,;,l boundory --~ .. - State n District 50 0 50 IOOkm. " " @ Headquarters [District State @ ARUNACHAL PRADESHrl~99 /"· C' TRIBUTION OF TRIBES IN ..r·· \ .. ('"l. ./ 18 •••"::-'! + NISTRATIVE AREAS -.. - ... :·_~ 5 ·~,.-- .. '""'"-.. .!- .......... ··· r-··~ J .J" • • •• • 16 y •:.-J" 1._ .·\/"? / ~ .. 14E '·14F ·:· .• ··:: I NOT TO SCALE i/ .. /14..... E_-: .~!1~ .}.I~H ~-' _.·· \, 1- , ..... ... \ A ~ ' ( ·. ·.. ' ' ': I n0 'nl .. ) ~ -..,(" 15 : \ : \ 17A : 17 B f ~ .,..,..._.. · 14D 14J ' .. ...-....... :, Wesl" SIANG' : '·· f · II · • I . I · · ~. • "< •.•• :. '~ • •• 14A ·t.EAST SI~NG r • •• -···· ···-~ r( ~..J"··~ \ : . , . •• .._ • \ 01 BANG VA;LLEY ~·- J ·,- , .. ... ·./ 10 :UP<>= -, •• : ': • 14K . I \.1 -:- ...... \ • ·~I' ...... ·' • ' • ~ •· '"1 "" .J-- SUBANStRI 1 • • 148 • \ •.. , ...,:~~ 14K : 178 ·. .· "-" e' .r· .. __ .i._- ·•.. I; iAI,_.j f. :.a~s¥"''1 ( J .......... ~ 'P '0 r· ' . IO 1 ' • 0"~ 14L I . .. \ :f"'"·.. 7 ~ .• .'.'••:··\.' ·-.:.-.• ·:. 1 ~.; • .....) : J :' . LOHIT ~ 1 17 ~ \ e··.......... -..:,Dapor?"-, '-, { \ \~40 : 14M I , . ..-.. "/. T~- C 17C -~ C ,(--.. , : B :: \..~ 0 ':14A} ~14~.· I :' .r-.f . ./.~ .. / .... , ... ~S c:-·· ··""'~ .rr .. l 6 .... __ .. · LowER .· · ... _ i'- ·.- L,,.;- v. 1 ·. 1s : ·· ... _,; ~ : ...__., . ../ .. ' ·t : 'lsuBANSIR( ~ I4A . r · 20 ·. -:.--- t I ,' •• I ·• (/ ...,.-· 21 "\...• 1 ~ t...:_ _,:.....- / •· ~ ..J TAWAN~I ., •• \ :· Ziro .. ··· ·'V"·J'\/· .t- .·... :~ . lA e , :I ~"ST ' : 0 / . S 23 ·. '1.; ~-- T~ ·"4'~ KAMENG, '· 12.· / ""I...CHANGLANG-r-·':: B ........, .. ~'IBIC . · ,,' 7 \ ..... /. ./ .r'""·---~·· '-""'-·· .....'- H u . t<A~ ... as ,or/ 7 . s ""·.f: . ..r'--··.r' . ~ ~ 22). • I 0 ~ .. ~·"5 ·, sr.>• epr T ./" j /:;)ChonghltJg f>. ......... TfBomdiiO:,. ~~- t._ ,.J ·• (. .... .l_.;..-·::-sa:·, ,-;;..~ITAIVAG4/R-. ~ .r·tfiRAP '?4../'"' ~ A\.,. : I ···· ·"" 0 ·;..\_ Khtlnso ..,: N\IE _).~·-·,-.::.::::_• .".'~.--" NASA( 0~ .r 11- -.... .. f-'·/ LAND ~ 25 _/'r:f..-------------1 !'::" International B>undary - .. - .. - ~~~~~~~~~~~--~--~--~~----------~j~V.~~ State 1 l MO-NPA .... .., ' 6. SULUNG. -· 14. AD[ t5. ME MBA " A. TAWANG·MONPA 7. BANGNI/ NISHI A. ADI-GAU.ONG 16.KHAMBA District ---- CQ. l " 8. LISH PA (a.) 8. BAII&P.O B. ADI-BORI 17. M1lH.Ml. , Tribe area , C. PIRANG·MONPA (o...) g, MIKIR 4D C. ADI-I<ARKA A. IDU·MISHI State capital D. BUT- MONPA (a.) IO.TAGIN .. D. ADI-MINYONG a DlGARU-MISHMI 0 E. KALAKTANG-MONPA E. ADI-BOKAR C. MIJU·MISHMI District headquarters 0 2.. SHERDUKPEN . II. NA c.+J __ F. ADI-PAILIBO. 18. MEYOR/ZAKHRING le&J 3. KHOWA 12.APATANI : G. ADI-ASHING 19.KHAMPTI ,._ MIJI <DHAMMAt) 13. HILL MIRI CSARAKl H. ADI~SHIMON6 0 MIRI Gtt l . · a ADI-MILLAN6 2 • l . 5. !!A [ ' K AOI~PADAM 21. SINGPHO A. HRUSSO.CAKA) L. AOI-PASI 2'2.. LISU/VOBINL"'1 Not Exclusive to Arunachal 'a PICHANO M.ADI-PANGI 23· TAMGSA Area needs eonflrmotion t a) 24. HOCTE ?5. WANC140 Tribe- do- {+) - 33 - Identities of Arunachal Pradesh tribes are in a state of confusion as is apparent from the haphazard and erratic change in the number of tribes. This sudden increase or decrease cannot be accepted anthropologically because a social set up does not change so suddenly, haphazardly or erratically; it may only happen as a result of political expe­ diency, an administrative fault or due to some other unknown reason. No detailed research on identity of these tribes is available to find out the reason behind this anomaly. However, whatever information is available in bits and pieces, might be able to clear som'e mist around this phenomenon. All such information may be pieced together to clarify some of the issues before any detailed study is carried out into the prob­ lem of identity establishment of these se~eral tribes. The records of the tribe-names of Arunachal were first found in Ahom-Buranjis (written mostly in 16th-17th centuries) where only Daflas, Miris, Khamptis and Mishmis are mentioned at places. After Ahom Buranjis, the tribal names are mentioned in the studies made by British Administrators, surveyors, Defence employees, Christ·ian Missionaries, trave­ llers and others, like Wilcox (1832), Griffith (1836-1847), Dalton (1845-1872), Hanny (1847), Vetch (1848-1873), Hudson (1850), Fr. Krick (1853), Jenkins (1870), Peal (1972, 1a96), - 34 - Cooper (1873), Badgley (1876), Woodthorpe (1878), Hunter (18.79), Needham (1884-1894), Crowe (1890), Dun (1897) , Ward ( 1901) ,Brown .( 1913-16), Kennedy ( 1914) and Dunbar ( 1915). These studies covered only a few more tribes like Abhors, Idu-Mishmis, Akas, Mijis, Digaru-Mishmis, Wanchos, Noctes, Monpas, etc. After Independence of India, Verrier Elwin (1956- 70), c. Von Furer-Haimendorf (1956, 1962, 1980, 1982), J.P. Mills (1952), Sachin Roy (1953-67), Gemini Paul (1958), B.K. Roy Burman (1966, 1970, 1975), R. Sinha (1959), Parul Dutta (1959, 1978, 1983) and a few others found more details about these tribes and added a number of names like Apatanis·, Hill- Miris, Monpas, Tangsas, Membas, Khambas, Padams, Minyongs etc., but even all these studies were not able .to .. give out the total number and names of tribes o.f Arunachal Pradesh. The names of these tribes were also not recorded as same in the studies by the above writers e.g., Akas were also recorded as Hrussos, ' Mijis as Dhammais, Abors as Adis, Daflas as Nishis/Bangnis/ · Nishangs,Noctes as Nagas/ Abhori-Nagas/ Namsangyas/ Bordwarias/ Panidwarias etc. The confusion is not only in the tribe-names but also in the number of tribe names in Arunachal Pradesh as has been pointed out earlier. Only five to six tribes of this area have been found recorded in the 'Buranjis', the earlier ,, - 35 - historical records of the Ahom Kingdom as stated earlier. The Britishers, who occupied the area after Ahoms did not show much interest in the area except what was necessary to save the plains' people of Assam from the •savage hill­ tribes' (as they thought these tribes to be), and they labe­ lled them with all sorts of derogatory names, which these people now understand and despice. Notes and brief descrip­ tions about a few tribes were prepared by the British writers . primarily for the knowledge of their off.icers. Census opera­ tions during 1931 recorded some tribes, but only those who had, settled down in the plains of Assam. 1_931 census records did not include the details about the area which presently forms Arunachal Pradesh. The mention of the tribe numbe~s .. along with the names in Arunachal Pradesruwas first found in the Presidential Order, 'The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) order, 1956 1 (Part II) where it was stated that all the tribes of the North East Frontier Agency (now called Arunachal Pradesh) were to be treated as Scheduled ·rribes. At paragraph 2 of_ Part II of Schedule III of" the Order, an illus­ trative list of the tribes of the No.rth East Frontier Agency (N.E.F.A.) was provided, the extract of which is as follows : 11 All tribes of North East Frontier Agency including (1) Abor (2) Aka (3) Apatani (4) Dafla (5) Gallong (6) Khampti - 36 - (7) Khowa (8) Mishmi (9) Momba (10) Any other Naga tribes (11) Sherdukpen (12) Singpho. No other tribes than the tribes of the North East Frontier Agency are to be treated as Scheduled Tribes of this area" 1 • It has however, been men- tioned that "the Presidential Order is illustrative and not exhaustive with respect to the tribes of North East Frontier Agency• 2 • The inadequacy of the numbers was found in the census of 1961, where the number of these tribes enumerated was so 3 4 and in the census of 1971 this number rose to 110 but decre­ ased to 105 in 1981 Census5 • The number and names of tribes ' as counted in 1971 were accepted as base for 1991 census, the results of which are not yet available. The 1981 census recor- ded 105 tribes in place of 110, but the number as proposed in 1981 has not been accepted for follow-up measures by the government. .. If we compare the three census records, we find the following glaring differences : (1) Thereis a change in number of tribes abnormally (1961-80, 1971-110, 1981-105). (2) The five tribe-names which do not appear in the 1981 census list, if compared with the list of 1971 are z Lie hi Ta·ngsa, Phong-Tangsa,' Simsa-Tangsa,