ISSN: 2643-3907 Bicallho et al. Res Rep Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017, 1:002 Volume 1 | Issue 1 Open Access Research Reports in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery RESEARCH ARTICLE Virtually Planned Surgical Guides to Optimize Orthognathic Surgery Leandro dos Santos Bicallho1, Camila Magalhães Cardador2, Devid Ribeiro Zille1, João Paulo Figueiró Longo3* and Rander Pereira Avelar1 1CPMH-Comércio e Indústria de Produtos Médico-Hospitalares e Odontológicos, Brazil Check for 2Department of Nanodynamics, Innovation and Consulting, Brasília, Brazil updates 3Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil *Corresponding author: Joao Paulo Figueiro Longo, PhD, Professor, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil, Tel: +55-613-107-3087, Fax: +55-618-143-2755, E-mail: [email protected] up with accuracy for the positional differences between Abstract the planned and postoperative outcomes less that 0.53 This article aims to introduce a brief in vitro report on develop- mm. ment of surgical guides planned virtually for orthognathic sur- gery and its validation. Orthognathic surgery is a process first Background developed back on 19th century, and its methods have been updated ever since. The aim of the surgery is to reposition the Orthognathic surgery is defined as a surgery pro- jaw to achieve an ideal dental occlusion and facial symmetry. cess that aims to correct congenital or acquired jaws Traditionally, planning was conducted by a set of clinical and deformities. This surgical process consists essentially of dental models, using mechanical articulators and analysis that allowed a simulation of what would be an ideal repositioning a series of osteotomies to reposition all the displaced of the facial skeleton, but there are many problems with this parts of the jaw to achieve an ideal static and dynamical method, resulting in a less desirable surgical outcome. With the dental occlusion and facial symmetry [1,2]. Besides the development of Computer Tomography Scans (CT), patient’s obvious functional and esthetical gain, which impacts 3D representations were available and allowed surgeons to analyze anatomical patterns of patients in a customized way. directly on quality of life and self-esteem, the benefits Added to that, imaging software tools enabled the clinicians of orthognathic surgery are wide, providing effects on to investigate and analyze the procedures that needed to be the speech, chewing, smile and patient respiratory pa- made in a much more accurate way than the one done con- rameters, such as oxygen saturation 3[ ]. ventionally. This virtual planning was translated to surgical ex- ecution due to the development of 3D printers, which granted Since the description of this surgical technique, plan- the production of surgical guides that allowed the execution of ning was conducted by a set of clinical and dental mod- orthognathic osteotomies at the anatomical position planned els, using mechanical articulators, analysis that allowed virtually since it’s an accurate and fast method of manufactur- a simulation of what would be an ideal repositioning ing splints for orthognathic surgeries. Thus, we present in this report a proof of concept for 3D virtual planning and maxilla of the facial skeleton. Despite the usefulness of this repositioning in an experimental set-up with accuracy for the technique, the process of occlusal plane transfer from positional differences between the planned and postoperative patient to dental articulator has numerous of non-con- outcomes less that 0.53 mm. trollable errors, such as plaster contraction, that are Keywords inherent to the technique [4,5]. With the development Orthognathic, Surgery, Virtual, Planning, 3D printing, Guides of Computer Tomography Scans (CT), patient’s 3D rep- resentations created important anatomical evidence Purpose for surgical applications, as well as for others areas of dentistry [6,7] and medicine [8]. This 3D images analy- To present a proof of concept for 3D virtual plan- sis allowed surgeons to analyze anatomical patterns of ning and maxilla repositioning in an experimental set- each patient in a customized way. Apart of the patient Citation: Bicallho LS, Cardador CM, Zille DR, Longo JPF, Avelar RP (2017) Virtually Planned Surgical Guides to Optimize Orthognathic Surgery. Res Rep Oral Maxillofac Surg 1:002. Received: June 19, 2017; Accepted: August 28, 2017; Published: August 31, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Bicallho LS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Bicallho et al. Res Rep Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017, 1:002 • Page 1 of 6 • ISSN: 2643-3907 Figure 1: Virtual planning surgery were conducted using the Mimics Software (Materialize). customization, the 3D representations enable the sur- Design (CAD). Then the Frankfort Horizontal Plane was geon to interact with the 3D images and simulate the utilized as a reference point to perform our proof of surgery and, therefore, predict the postoperative re- concept movements, where three virtual planning sur- sults on both soft and hard tissues [9]. geries were conducted using the Mimics Software (Ma- terialize), as following: Imaging software tools provided an evolution of this concept, defined as virtual surgical planning. This evolu- • Virtual Surgery 1 - forward advance of 5 mm and a tion enabled the clinicians to investigate and analyze the superior reposition of 2 mm of the maxilla, repre- procedures that needed to be made, such as treatments sented by the Figure 1A. for micrognathism, prognathism, laterognathism, maxil- • Virtual Surgery 2 - forward advance of 5 mm on the lary atresia and corrections required on frontal occlusal maxilla, 1 mm of superior reposition on the central plane and on upper dental midline in a much more ac- incisor teeth and a 3 mm superior reposition on the curate way than the one done conventionally [10]. This first molar teeth, providing a clockwise spin, repre- pre-evaluation allowed the surgical team to establish sented by the Figure 1B. rational strategies to achieve the aim of orthognathic surgery mainly because it became possible to save the • Virtual Surgery 3 - forward advance of 7 mm of the virtual treatment in a viewer format, allowing discus- maxilla, 3 mm of superior reposition on the central sions over the patients’ treatment with orthodontist incisor teeth and 1 mm of superior reposition on the and patients themselves. This possibility optimized and first molar teeth, providing an anticlockwise spin, individualized treatment to each patient’s case [11]. represented by the (Figure 1C). Recently, this virtual planning was translated to sur- After the virtual movements, surgical guides with the gical execution due to the development of 3D printers, intermediary and final surgery positions were designed which granted the production of surgical guides that al- using 3-Matic Software. The designed guides were then lowed the execution of orthognathic osteotomies at the printed in a 3D printer (Conex 500- Stratasys) using exactly anatomical position planned virtually. The surgi- MED610- Stratasys Ltd. to evaluate the planning accu- cal guides are customized pieces that are fundamental racy. to transform results of virtual planning in reality, since In order to compare the planned and executed sur- it’s a fast, accurate and cheap method of manufacturing gery, the movements mentioned before were recorded splints for orthognathic surgeries. Therefore, the objec- again with the infrared scanner and the initial and final tive of this article is to present an in vitro proof of con- position were virtually compared. A colored scale image cept for virtual planning and surgical guide’s production comparing the congruent and non-congruent points to improve orthognathic surgeries execution and pa- of the planned and executed surgery were produced tient outcomes. in order to facilitate the result interpretation with the software 3-Matic, that automatically presents the- er Methodology ror scale (maximum and minimum) in mm, represented For the experimental model surgery, mandibular and on the (Figure 2A, Figure 2C and Figure 2E). The more maxillary acrylic models (Roic©, Brazil) were used. The greenish the color, more congruent the parts. Utilizing virtual 3D models representation was obtained by scan- the software Cloud Compare, that detects changes be- ning them with an infrared scanner 3Shape TRIOS TP12 tween sequentially gathered cloud points, in our evalu- after coating the models surface with the opt spray ation those virtually planned and the ones printed and CEREC, to optimize the scanning images captures. After scanned, the accuracy of the surgical guides planned scanning, the virtual models files were save as.dcm and and the surgical guide printed were evaluated, ensuring then converted to a .stl files to proceed with the virtual that the surgical guides virtually planned could be trans- movements for surgical planning using Computer-aided lated to the printed acrylic surgical guides. The Cloud Bicallho et al. Res Rep Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017, 1:002 • Page 2 of 6 • ISSN: 2643-3907 Figure 2: Schematic representation of congruent and non-congruent parts of the comparison between the planned design and printed models A, C and E and their respective Gaussian distribution.