Assessing access and adoption of common bean improved varieties in Zambia By Hamzakaza, P2, Katungi.E1, Reyes, B3, Maredia, M3, Muimui, K2 and Ojara, M1. 1 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT-Uganda) 2 Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) 3 Michigan State University (MSU) Research Technical Report, November 2014 Study conducted by the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and Michigan State University (MSU) i ACRONYMS CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture CSO Central Statistical Office of Zambia DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DoA Department of Agriculture FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GBS Genotyping by Sequencing GCP Generation Challenge Program GDP Gross Domestic Product ID Identification MSU Michigan State University NARS National Agricultural Research System NGO Non-Government Organization PABRA Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance SABRN Southern Africa Bean Research Network SHA Self Help Africa UNDP United Nations Development Programme ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute SPIA Standing Panel on Impact Assessment SIAC Strengthening Impact Assessment in the CGIAR ii Table of Contents List of figures ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Background information ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Historical perspectives of bean technology development and dissemination ............................................ 6 1.3 Purpose of the study ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.0 RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS .................................................................................. 9 2.1 Research strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Study sites and sampling .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 Study area ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Survey materials, data collection, variety identification ................................................................................. 13 2.4 Overview of the data analysis strategy ................................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Econometric framework .............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.0 DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 17 3.1 Importance of common bean and cropping system ........................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 Bean production, intercrops and harvesting ................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2: Common bean marketing and gender perspectives .................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Common bean production constraints .................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Common bean management: production inputs, intensity of use and gender roles ............................. 21 3.4. Gender perspectives in bean production decision making ............................................................................ 20 3.5 Bean varieties grown, diversity and geographical spread .............................................................................. 23 3.6 Awareness, adoption and dis adoption of improved varieties....................................................................... 25 3.6.1 Awareness, uptake and dis adoption of improved varieties ..................................................................................... 25 3.6.2 Improved variety adoption rate and intensity of use in 2012/2013 cropping season ................................. 27 3.7 Sources of information and seed of improved varieties ................................................................................... 29 4.0 HOUSEHOLD PROFILE .................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Household demographic characteristics ................................................................................................................ 30 4.2 Household assets ............................................................................................................................................................. 32 5.0 ECONOMETRIC RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 33 2 5.1 Determinants of probability of awareness ............................................................................................................ 35 5.2 Determinants of adoption of improved beans varieties: ................................................................................. 36 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: ...................................................................................................................... 38 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDICES: .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Appendix A1.1: Reasons provided by farmers for never adopted or dis-adopting improved varieties 40 Appendix A1.2: Proportion of bean harvested as green pods (%) ...................................................................... 40 Appendix A1.3: Point of first sale and type of buyer from producers (%) ........................................................ 41 List of Tables TABLE.1. BEAN VARIETIES DEVELOPED AND/OR SCREENED FROM LANDRACES AND RELEASED IN ZAMBIA BETWEEN 1970 –2012. ............ 8 TABLE 2. TOTAL AREA (HA) PLANTED WITH BEANS IN THE 2011/12 PRODUCING SEASON IN THE STUDY SITES, ZAMBIA. ........................ 11 TABLE 3. VILLAGES AND FARMERS SAMPLED, BY PROVINCE AND DISTRICT IN ZAMBIA, 2013. ........................................................... 12 TABLE 4: COMMON BEANS PRODUCTION (HA), INTERCROPPING, HARVESTING AND UTILIZATIONS..................................................... 18 TABLE 5: DRY BEAN GRAIN MARKETING ................................................................................................................................. 19 TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS, PLOTS; AND AREA PLANTED WITH IMPROVED BEAN VARIETIES, BY PROVINCE .......................... 28 TABLE 7: TYPE AND FREQUENCY OF HOUSEHOLDS ................................................................................................................... 31 TABLE 8: HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSETS, 2013 ................................................................................ 31 TABLE 9: ESTIMATES OF PROBIT WITH SELECTION OF THE PROBABILITY OF AWARENESS OF IMPROVED VARIETIES AND CONDITIONAL ADOPTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 34 List of figures FIGURE 1: DISTANCE (KM) FROM THE TARMAC ROAD AND DISTRICT TOWN ................................................................................... 20 20 FIGURE 2. TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBER INVOLVED IN BEAN TRANSACTIONS AT THE FIRST POINT OF SALE .......................................... 20 FIG 3. BEAN PRODUCTION CONSTRAINT SEVERITY IN SEASON 2012/2013 RELATIVE TO PREVIOUS SEASON ........................................ 21 FIGURE 4: LABOR (MAN-DAYS/HA) INTENSITY IN BEAN MAJOR PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES BY TYPE AND GENDER IN 2012/2013, ZAMBIA .. 20 FIGURE 5: GENDER OF THE PRINCIPAL DECISION MAKER IN BEAN PRODUCTION AND USE OF BEAN INCOME .......................................... 23 FIGURE 6: FIVE POPULAR VARIETIES AND THEIR FREQUENCY (%) OF OCCURRENCE IN EACH PROVINCE ................................................ 24 FIGURE 7: PERCENT OF BEAN PLOTS PLANTED WITH LOCAL VARIETIES IN EACH WARD ...................................................................... 25 FIGURE 8: NUMBER OF VARIETIES KNOWN BY THE SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS ACROSS STUDY DISTRICTS IN MUCHINGA AND NORTHERN PROVINCE .............................................................................................................................................................