ÈïUÏ¢í饢Úè 2011 149 150 ¥ÝéS¢‹{¢Ý-54 Ÿ¢èãï}¢Ó¢‹Îí¢Ó¢¢²üç±à¢ï¯¢æÜU |¢¢x¢-2 S¢ÜUHÜéUà¢H¢çÝ »± ±ÌK: S¢ÜUHÜéUà¢H±ÌK: J S¢ÜUHÜéUà¢H±ËHèÝ¢æ ±{üÝï Are PÍndava Brothers Jaina or Non-Jaina? ÐécÜUÚ¢±¼üÝ¢}¢¢ }¢ïÍ¢ §± }¢ïÍ¢: ÐécÜUÚ¢±¼ü}¢ïÍ¢: J An unprecedented explanation S¢Í¢H¢ ÜéUà¢H-}¢¢æx¢çHÜU, ¼ïã MçЇ¢è ±ïHÇè ±{¢çÚ±¢Ý§æ ÜU¢çÁ¢§æ ÐécÜUÚ¢±¼ü- by ÀcÍrya Hemacandra }¢ïÍ¢S¢}¢¢Ý À§ J Padmanabh S. Jaini ÐéÝ: ôÜUç±çà¢C: Ÿ¢èТEüÝ¢‰¢ ? ÎéçÚ¼ç¼ç}¢Ú|¢¢Ýé: ÎéçÚ¼¢çÝ-ТТçÝ, ¼¢çÝ »± ç¼ç}¢Ú¢ç‡¢-¥‹{ÜU¢Ú¢ç‡¢, ¼ï¯¢æ çÝÚ¢ÜUÚ‡¢ï |¢¢ÝéçÚ± |¢¢Ýé: ÎéçÚ¼ç¼ç}¢Ú- A list of 54 uttama-purushas (in the present avasarpini) |¢¢Ýé: J appears in the SamavÍya (#54). The list begins with names of twenty-four Tirthankaras (from Éshabha to MahÍvÐra). Then ÎéçÚ¼ ÜUç㲧 ТÐ, ¼‰¢¢ ç±ÍÝ, ¼ïã Å¢çH±¢Ý§æ ÜU¢çÁ¢§æ |¢¢Ýé ÜUã¼¢æ appear the names of twelve Cakravartins: Bharata, Sagara, S¢ê²ü ¼ï S¢}¢¢Ý À§ J MaghavÍ, SanatkumÍra, ShÍnti, Kunthu, Ara, Subhauma, MahÍpadma, Harishena, Jaya, and Brahmadatta. ÐéÝ: ôÜUç±çà¢C: Ÿ¢èТEüÝ¢‰¢: ? ÜUËбëÿ¢¢ïÐ}¢¢Ý:-ÜUËбëÿ¢(ÿ¢ï‡¢) The SamavÍya next introduces two entirely new cat- ©Ð}¢è²¼ï ¥S¢¢ñ ÜUËбëÿ¢¢ïÐ}¢¢Ý: J egories of “uttama-purushas”, called Baladeva and VÍsudeva. ±¢æçÀ¼ ÐêçÚ±¢Ý§æ ÜU¢çÁ¢§æ ÜUËбëÿ¢ S¢}¢¢Ý À§ J They are described as duve duve RÍma-KesavÍ bhÍyaro, nine pairs of brothers. The elder, the more virtuous one, is called ÐéÝ: ôÜUç±çà¢C: Ÿ¢èТEüÝ¢‰¢ ? |¢±Á¢HçÝç{Тï¼:-|¢± »± Á¢H- RÍma (also BalarÍma or Baladeva) and the younger, the su- çÝç{:, ¼S² ¼¢Ú‡¢ï Ð¢ï¼ §± Тï¼: |¢±Á¢HçÝç{Тï¼: J preme warrior, is called Keshava (also VÍsudeva and S¢æS¢¢ÚS¢}¢éÎí ¼çÚ±¢ |¢‡¢è Ðí±ã‡¢ S¢}¢¢Ý À§ J NÍrÍyana). For example, the 8th RÍma (RÍma, the son of Dasharatha) is a Baladeva, while his younger brother ÐéÝ: ôÜUç±çà¢C: Ÿ¢èТEüÝ¢‰¢: ? S¢±üS¢æÐ眢ãï¼é: J S¢±¢üp ¼¢: S¢æÐœ¢²p Lakshmana is the 8th Keshava (VÍsudeva or NÍrÍyana). An- S¢±üS¢æÐœ¢²:, ¼¢S¢¢æ ãï¼é:-ÜU¢Ú‡¢}¢ì J other famous pair is of the 9th Baladeva, whose proper name lh S¢Í¢Hè S¢æÐ΢ݢ ãï¼é-ÜU¢Ú‡¢ À§ J §ç¼ ÜU¢Ã²¢‰¢ü: «ç¯Ÿ¢è±ÀÚ¢Á¢x¢ç‡¢- is BalarÍma, and the 9 Keshava, BalarÍma’s younger brother Krishna VÍsudeva (also known as NÍrÍyana, and Vishnu in ÜëU¼: J çH綼 Ÿ¢èç±RU}¢ÐéÚï S¢æ. 1815 ±¯ïü J later Jain texts). C/o. ¥çÚãæ¼ ¥¢Ú¢{Ý¢ ©Ð¢Ÿ¢² Although they are not “uttama-purushas”, the SamavÍya x¢¢ïÐèÐéÚ¢, }¢¢ï¼èТïf, gives an additional category of the deadly enemy of the S¢êÚ¼-1 VÍsudeva, called Prati-VÍsudeva (or Prati-NÍrÍyana), also nine in number. The VÍsudeva inevitably kills him and then rules as “Ardha-Cakrin”, the Lord of the Three Continents of the Bharata-kshetra. For example, Lakshmana (and not RÍma) kills RÍvana (his Prati-VÍsudeva); Krishna kills JarÍsandha (his Prati- VÍsudeva). A grand narrative of the 54 MahÍpurushas (24+12+9+9) ÈïUÏ¢í饢Úè 2011 151 152 ¥ÝéS¢‹{¢Ý-54 Ÿ¢èãï}¢Ó¢‹Îí¢Ó¢¢²üç±à¢ï¯¢æÜU |¢¢x¢-2 was first produced by ÀcÍrya ShilÍnka in his Prakrit Cauppanna- vrishni has ten sons: Samudravijaya the eldest, and Vasudeva MahÍpurisacariya, in Vikrama Samvat 933 (877 A.D.). The the youngest. Samudravijaya’s son is Nemi. Vasudeva’s sons great ÀcÍrya Hemacandra (1088-1172 A.D.) added the nine are BalarÍma (from Rohini) and Krishna (=VÍsudeva, from Prati-VÍsudevas also and produced his massive Sanskrit Devaki). Krishna and BalarÍma are thus cousins of Nemi, who Trishashti-shalÍkÍpurusha-caritra (The Lives of Sixty-three Il- is destined to be the 22nd Tirthankara. lustrious Persons). Notable among the Digambaras are ÀcÍrya Vasudeva has also two daughters: Kunti and Madri. Jinasena (c. 800-848 A.D.) and Gunabhadra (c. 803-895 A.D.). They are married to Prince PÍndu of the Kuru-vamsha resid- They produced a similar work, entitled Trishashti-lakshana- ing in HastinÍpura. He has five sons, known as the PÍndavas. MahÍpurÍna-sangraha (also known as MahÍpurÍna). Kunti is the mother of Yudhishthira, Arjuna and Bhima; MÍdri Looking at the grand scale of these works, scholars is the mother of Nakula and Sahadeva. The PÍndavas are not like Klaus Bruhn (see Introduction to the Cauppanna- “shalÍkÍpurushas”, but enter the Jaina narratives because of MahÍpurisacariya) have hailed them as Jaina attempts at pre- their close family relationship with Krishna, and most impor- senting “Universal History.” tantly, with Tirthankara Nemi. But it is a “Universal History” where each one of these Krishna-VÍsudeva kills JarÍsandha (his Prarti-VÍsudeva), sixty-three great men is born in a Jaina family and hence conquers the Three Continents of the Bharata-kshetra, and is presumed to be Jaina. Only the twenty-four Tirthankaras (Jinas) crowned an Ardha-Cakri. The city of DvÍrakÍ (in Saurashtra) can thus be truly described. They find no mention whatsoever is founded and is eventually destroyed by fire. Krishna and in the BrÍhmanical Epics or PurÍnas. The Cakravartins appear BalarÍma walk in the desert alone, and BalarÍma goes to fetch to be a mixed group: three Tirthankaras (ShÍnti, Kunthu, Ara) some water for Krishna. In the meantime, Krishna dies of an also appear in this list. Of the remaining, many like Sagara, arrow shot at his feet by a stranger. SanatkumÍra and BrÍhmadatta, are served by brahmana min- Notably, in the Jaina doctrine of karma, both VÍsudeva isters, advocates of the Vedic sacrifices. The novel categories and Prati-VÍsudeva, on account of their nidÍna (enmity and Baladeva/ VÍsudeva, are evidently based on the personal names unfulfilled ambition), are predestined to be reborn in one of of the brothers BalarÍma and VÍsudeva Krishna (and his en- the seven hells (narakas). Consequently, Krishna is reborn in emy JarÍsandha), whose valiant exploits are grandly described the Third naraka. Tirthankara Nemi predicts that after emerg- in the Brahmanical ItihÍsa (RÍmÍyana and MahÍbhÍrata) and ing from there, Krishna will become a Tirthankara, in the the PurÍnas. Bharata-kshetra, in the upcoming utsarpini (Upward moving) It is not likely that the Jaina authors might not have time. heard these episodes popular among the people, notably in BalarÍma, grief stricken, renounced the world, assumed Gujarat and Karnataka. However, one looks in vain among the vows of a Jaina ascetic (muni), and at the end of his life Jaina works listed above, for even a single expression of fa- was reborn in a high heaven. miliarity with or an acknowledgement of a non-Jaina source such as the MahÍbhÍrata of VyÍsa. Early in his life, Nemi, unmarried, renounced the world and became a muni. He led a holy life, attained omniscience In the genealogy of the Jaina-Hari-vaÓsha, Andhaka- ÈïUÏ¢í饢Úè 2011 151 152 ¥ÝéS¢‹{¢Ý-54 Ÿ¢èãï}¢Ó¢‹Îí¢Ó¢¢²üç±à¢ï¯¢æÜU |¢¢x¢-2 was first produced by ÀcÍrya ShilÍnka in his Prakrit Cauppanna- vrishni has ten sons: Samudravijaya the eldest, and Vasudeva MahÍpurisacariya, in Vikrama Samvat 933 (877 A.D.). The the youngest. Samudravijaya’s son is Nemi. Vasudeva’s sons great ÀcÍrya Hemacandra (1088-1172 A.D.) added the nine are BalarÍma (from Rohini) and Krishna (=VÍsudeva, from Prati-VÍsudevas also and produced his massive Sanskrit Devaki). Krishna and BalarÍma are thus cousins of Nemi, who Trishashti-shalÍkÍpurusha-caritra (The Lives of Sixty-three Il- is destined to be the 22nd Tirthankara. lustrious Persons). Notable among the Digambaras are ÀcÍrya Vasudeva has also two daughters: Kunti and Madri. Jinasena (c. 800-848 A.D.) and Gunabhadra (c. 803-895 A.D.). They are married to Prince PÍndu of the Kuru-vamsha resid- They produced a similar work, entitled Trishashti-lakshana- ing in HastinÍpura. He has five sons, known as the PÍndavas. MahÍpurÍna-sangraha (also known as MahÍpurÍna). Kunti is the mother of Yudhishthira, Arjuna and Bhima; MÍdri Looking at the grand scale of these works, scholars is the mother of Nakula and Sahadeva. The PÍndavas are not like Klaus Bruhn (see Introduction to the Cauppanna- “shalÍkÍpurushas”, but enter the Jaina narratives because of MahÍpurisacariya) have hailed them as Jaina attempts at pre- their close family relationship with Krishna, and most impor- senting “Universal History.” tantly, with Tirthankara Nemi. But it is a “Universal History” where each one of these Krishna-VÍsudeva kills JarÍsandha (his Prarti-VÍsudeva), sixty-three great men is born in a Jaina family and hence conquers the Three Continents of the Bharata-kshetra, and is presumed to be Jaina. Only the twenty-four Tirthankaras (Jinas) crowned an Ardha-Cakri. The city of DvÍrakÍ (in Saurashtra) can thus be truly described. They find no mention whatsoever is founded and is eventually destroyed by fire. Krishna and in the BrÍhmanical Epics or PurÍnas. The Cakravartins appear BalarÍma walk in the desert alone, and BalarÍma goes to fetch to be a mixed group: three Tirthankaras (ShÍnti, Kunthu, Ara) some water for Krishna. In the meantime, Krishna dies of an also appear in this list. Of the remaining, many like Sagara, arrow shot at his feet by a stranger. SanatkumÍra and BrÍhmadatta, are served by brahmana min- Notably, in the Jaina doctrine of karma, both VÍsudeva isters, advocates of the Vedic sacrifices. The novel categories and Prati-VÍsudeva, on account of their nidÍna (enmity and Baladeva/ VÍsudeva, are evidently based on the personal names unfulfilled ambition), are predestined to be reborn in one of of the brothers BalarÍma and VÍsudeva Krishna (and his en- the seven hells (narakas).