Amphetamine-Related Drugs Neurotoxicity in Humans and In

Amphetamine-Related Drugs Neurotoxicity in Humans and In

Abbreviations and chemical names of compounds not defined in the text [3H]CP-55: 940, 5-(1,1-Dimethylheptyl)-2-[5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]phenol; 18F-DOPA: 18F-fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine; 25C-NBOME: 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2 methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine; 25I-NBOME: 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine; 2C-B: 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine; 4-HO-DALT: 3-{2-[di(prop-2-en-1-yl)amino]ethyl}-1H-indol-4-ol; 5F-ADBINACA: (1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (1-carbamoyl-2-methyl-propyl)-amide; 5F-AKB-48: N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; 5F-PB-22: 1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester; 5F-SDB-005: 1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-N-phenyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; 5-MeO-AMT: 5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine; 5-MeO-DALT: N-allyl-N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] prop-2-en-1- amine; AB-FUBINACA: N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐1H–indazole‐3‐carboxamide; AB-PINACA: (S)-N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-inda-zole-3-carboxamide; ADB-FUBINACA: (S)-N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluoroben-zyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; AKB-48: N-(1-Adamantyl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide; AM 251: N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide; AMB-FUBINACA: methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate; AMT: α-methyltryptamine; BB-22: 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester; Bromo-DragonFly: 1-(4-Bromofuro[2,3-f] [1]benzofuran-8-yl)propan-2-amine carboxamide; EC50: half maximal effective concentration; CUMYL-4CN-BINACA: 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-1H-indazole-3- Emax: efficacy; EMCDDA: European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GAD-67: glutamic acid decarboxylase-67; i.m.: intramuscular; i.p.: intraperitoneal; JWH-018: 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole; Ki: dissociation constants; LSD: lysergic acid diethylamide; MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; METH: methamphetamine; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors; NPS: novel psychoactive substances; PB-22 (also known as QUPIC): 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester; Rhes: Ras homolog enriched in striatum; s.c.: subcutaneous; SCRAs: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists; STS-135: N‐(Adamantan‐1‐yl)‐1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1H‐indole‐3‐carboxamide; UR-144: (1-Pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; Δ9-THC: delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol. 1.

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