THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION JANUARY 15, 2021 VOLUME XIX, ISSUE 1 p.1 p.3 p.6 p.8 Jacob Zenn Angela Ramirez Jacob Zenn Rami Jameel BRIEFS American ‘Boojahideen’: Boko Haram’s Pan-Nigerian Inside Duterte’s Failed Boogaloo Bois’ Blueprint Affiliate System after the Response to the Philippines’ of Extreme Libertarian- Kankara Kidnapping: A Communist Insurgency and ism and Response to the Microcosm of Islamic the Appeal of New People’s Army among Indigenous Biden Administration State’s ‘External Provinces’ Peoples RUSSIA DEPENDS ‘PROTECTORATE’ IN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AS 2013, however, Russia began “exchanging arms and REBELS ADVANCE cash for access to oil, minerals, strategic bases and rare earths” from CAR. Moscow is also training the country’s Jacob Zenn armed forces and providing the security detail for CAR President Faustin-Archange Touadéra. This indicated Russia was assuming France’s traditional role as the se- France has historically been the major Western power curity guarantor of the country (Eurasia Daily Monitor, guaranteeing political stability in the Francophone coun- May 15, 2018). France accordingly criticized Moscow’s tries of northwest and central Africa. However, Turkey role in CAR as unproductive, while the Kremlin increas- has increasingly matched French influence in North ingly became seen as Touadéra’s backer (dw.com, No- Africa, while the United States, to an extent, has done vember 16, 2018). the same in Niger and perhaps Rwanda (France24, De- cember 24, 2020). While Russia provides weapons to In the weeks ahead of CAR’s most recent crisis in De- various Francophone countries, it has also become the cember 2020, Russia also sent two weapons shipments, protector of the Central African Republic (CAR). Prior to including tanks, to Bangui to help CAR’s army maneuver this, France had been the most influential foreign power throughout the country’s expansive territory. In addition, in CAR and neighboring countries, including, for exam- there were soft power exchanges, such as music con- ple, Chad, where Paris has consistently “propped up” its certs, where Russian soldiers gave candy to children three decades-long President Idriss Déby (rfi.fr, March (rosbalt.ru, October 24, 2020). The recent crisis, howev- 20, 2019). er, began in the run-up to December 27 elections when the Unity for Peace in Central Africa (UPC) militia seized In 2013, France secured Bangui, CAR’s capital, during Bambari, the country's fourth-largest city, and threat- the country’s civil war and prevented Seleka rebels from ened Bangui. Suspicions were rampant that former pres- taking the city (France24, September 12, 2013). After 1 ident François Bozize was behind the rebels (France24, ISLAMIC STATE SINAI PROVINCE TARGETS EGYPT- December). ISRAEL GAS PIPELINE Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) responded by Jacob Zenn dispatching 300 military instructors to CAR at “to train [CAR] military personnel” upon the government’s re- Since February 2018, Egypt has waged an intense quest (rbc.ru, December 22, 2020). Russian military con- counter-insurgency against Islamic State (IS) Sinai Prov- tractors were also seen around Bangui (vk.com, Decem- ince (Arab News, December 25, 2020). Despite this, ber 23, 2020). Ultimately France deployed warplanes to Sinai Province has claimed more attacks than any other CAR and Rwanda sent several hundred troops into the IS external province except for Islamic State in West country, but more than any other external power, it was Africa Province (ISWAP). Sinai Province attacks have in- the Russian forces who protected Touadéra and de- cluded firing mortars at Egyptian military posts and am- terred the rebels from continuing toward Bangui bushing Egyptian troops, executing “collaborators,” and (France24, December 23, 2020). Moscow, therefore, can massacring Christians and Sufis. currently be considered CAR’s security guarantor, or However, one of the more geopolitically significant least Touadéra’s, and its support has prevented the mili- types of attack has been Sinai Province’s targeting of the tias from approaching Bangui, despite their attempts as gas pipeline that extends from the province into Israel. recently as January 13 to launch offensives toward the Three have occurred this year, including on February 3, capital (lequotidien.com, January 9; Al Jazeera, January November 19, and, most recently, on December 26 near 13). Russia, in turn, can be expected to continue receiv- Sabika in North Sinai. This is west of al-Arish and around ing beneficial mining contracts (repubblica.it, December 30 miles from Rafah in the Gaza Strip. When IS claimed 27, 2020). the latest pipeline attack, the group unsurprisingly stat- Jacob Zenn is the editor of Terrorism Monitor. ed Sinai Province’s motive was to disrupt the pipeline because it is connected to Israel. The attack was not particularly effective because it did not disrupt gas sup- ply, civilians’ housing, or the nearby industrial park (Egypttoday.com, December 24, 2020). The impact of the explosion was nevertheless large enough that smoke was seen 30 miles away (alaraby.- co.uk, December 25, 2020). Various Egyptians have since posted to social media their video recordings of the explosion from a distance (Youtube.com, December 24, 2020). Although little proof in terms of photos or videos was provided to substantiate Sinai Province’s in- volvement, the IS claim is likely true given the lack of other possible perpetrators and Sinai Province’s record of targeting the gas pipeline (TimesofIsrael.com, De- cember 25). Also notable about the gas pipeline attack claim was that it came during a week in which Sinai Province claimed no other attacks, which is rare. Thus, the high- profile attack, if not successful given its failure to disrupt gas supply, compensated for the downturn in Sinai Prov- ince’s operational tempo. The attack will not, however, affect Israel’s forward momentum in developing and ex- 2 panding ties with Turkey and Arab and other Mediter- ranean nations in the oil and gas sector (jns.org, De- American ‘Boojahideen’: The cember 6, 2020). Meanwhile, Sinai Province’s release of Boogaloo Bois’ Blueprint for a long propaganda video in early 2021 demonstrates its fighters maintain sophisticated weapons and tactics and Extreme Libertarianism and are able to resist Egypt’s own most sophisticated counter-terrorism operations whether or not it presents a Response to the Biden Ad- threat to gas flow between Sinai and Israel (Twitter.com/ ministration @evacool, January 9). Jacob Zenn is the editor of Terrorism Monitor. Angela Ramirez The Boogaloo Bois is a recently formed decentralized armed movement comprised of loosely knit cells scat- tered throughout the United States. Boogaloo partici- pants have also been involved in several attacks and plots, including the attempted kidnapping of Michigan’s governor, an attempt to sell weapons to Hamas, and a deadly attack on a federal security officer in northern California. The movement is centered on participants’ belief that the U.S. government has become excessively tyrannical. Participants, therefore, have concluded that a second civil war is unfortunate, but inevitable, in order to obtain “true liberty.” The movement refers to this idealized second civil war as “the Boogaloo” (Spotify [Buck Johsnon], July 2020). Occasionally, the word “Boogaloo” is exchanged for slang terms, however, such as “the big luau,” the “Bungalow,” or the “Big Igloo.” Boogaloo, Internet Culture, and Black Lives Matter Boogaloo cells contain a mix of civilians and former mili- tary personnel. These participants call themselves “boo- jahideen,” a linguistic spin-off of “mujahideen” (Liberty Actual, Boojahideen Shop). They have also been forced to utilize secondary online public forums like Reddit, Gab, and Parler because mainstream platforms like Facebook and Twitter have prohibited their content. (Reddit [RealRhettEBoogie]; Parler [Boojahideen Outfit- ters]). Despite this deplatforming, they are still able to circulate their ideology and connect with boojahideen in different regions of the United States. This internet culture plays a key role in amplifying Boogaloo’s ideology. Many Boogaloo participants ac- cordingly first connect with one another online (Sofrep.- com, December 24, 2020). Similarly, a fundamental component of Boogaloo internet culture is utilizing memes, which became a method of propagandizing Boogaloo perspectives of civil war. One Boogaloo flag even has “meme-based insurgency” inscribed on it (On- 3 lyfeds.com, January 2021). Boogaloo propaganda also tember 4, 2020). Believing Hamas was a mutual enemy enables a more violent ideology to become palatable of the United States, these two boojahideen considered and communicable to both existing boojahideen and themselves to be in alignment with Hamas. They, there- the general public. fore, offered to manufacture unmarked firearms and firearm accessories for Hamas. The Boogaloo movement is not, however, racialist. In- stead, Boogaloo cells congregate around a libertarian Unbeknownst to Teeter and Harrison, they were, in fact, political ideology that deviates from traditional “right” attempting to deal arms to one of the FBI’s undercover and “left” positions. Boogaloo cells across the United informants. Following an initial meeting with the infor- States have participated in and supported leftist-led mant, these boojahideen later delivered five firearm Black Lives Matter rallies since the death of George suppressors and a “drop in auto sear” firearm converter Floyd (Youtube/Black