Agile Development of Open Educational Resources

Agile Development of Open Educational Resources

Agile development of open educational resources Maurício Massaru Arimoto SERVIÇO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DO ICMC-USP Data de Depósito: Assinatura: ______________________ Maurício Massaru Arimoto Agile development of open educational resources Doctoral dissertation submitted to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação – ICMC-USP, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Doctorate Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics. FINAL VERSION Concentration Area: Computer Science and Computational Mathematics Advisor: Prof. Dr. Ellen Francine Barbosa Co-advisor: Prof. Dr. Leonor Maria Melo Torcato Barroca USP – São Carlos August 2016 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Prof. Achille Bassi e Seção Técnica de Informática, ICMC/USP, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) Arimoto, Maurício Massaru A699a Agile development of open educational resources / Maurício Massaru Arimoto; orientadora Ellen Francine Barbosa; coorientadora Leonor Maria Melo Torcato Barroca. – São Carlos – SP, 2016. 203 f. Tese (Doutorado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional) – Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. 1. Open Educational Resources. 2. Learning Design. 3. Agile Methods. I. Barbosa, Ellen Francine, orient. II. Barroca, Leonor Maria Melo Torcato, coorient. III. Título. Maurício Massaru Arimoto Desenvolvimento ágil de recursos educacionais abertos Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação – ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências – Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional. VERSÃO REVISADA Área de Concentração: Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional Orientadora: Prof. Dr. Ellen Francine Barbosa Coorientadora: Prof. Dr. Leonor Maria Melo Torcato Barroca USP – São Carlos Agosto de 2016 This is dedicated to my beloved parents Tsutomu and Suzana, and to my loving wife Andréia for their endless love and support. They have been a source of inspiration and example, encouraging me to work hard for the things that I believe and aspire to achieve. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank special and wonderful people who have been part of this long and arduous journey – a truly life-changing experience. They directly and indirectly influenced and helped in the development of this P.h.D. work. Without them nothing would be possible. I am eternally grateful to my father Tsutomu and my mother Suzana for their love, affection and dedication throughout my life. Thank you both for giving me strength to overcome all difficulties and challenges of life. Their teachings underpin my personal and professional growth. My deeply and sincere thanks to my loving wife Andréia for her unconditional love, companionship and support. She encouraged and supported my academic aspirations and understood my absences towards the achievement of this important project. I am truly thankful for having you in my life. My heartfelt gratefulness to my parents-in-law, Benjamim (in memoriam) and Neusa for their constant unconditional support and love throughout my life. I greatly appreciate for being part of my life. My deepest gratitude to my supervisor prof. Ellen Francine Barbosa for her patience, respect, professionalism and commitment; and of course, for the opportunity given to me, which allowed making this P.h.D. Her thoughtful support and guidance throughout the development of this work lead me to the right way. I am also very grateful to my co-supervisor prof. Leonor Barroca for her respect, professionalism and commitment. Her experience and acquaintance added value to the work. Thank you for the English corrections and helpful suggestions that increased readability and reduced ambiguity of the work we have produced together. I learned from her insight a lot. Special and warm appreciation to my sisters, brothers, cousins, uncles and nephews for the companionship, relaxing and blissful times we spent together during the weekends and year-end celebrations. I am thankful for my friends who have been part of my life. I will not mention their names, otherwise I will surely forget some else and I will be unfair. I also thanks my friends and colleagues from the Software Engineering (LabES) and Computing applied to Education (CaEd) Research Groups for the acquaintanceship, reflection and learning opportunities. I am most grateful to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação of the Universidade de São Paulo (ICMC/USP) whose entire infrastructure and support provided for the development of labour activities made this P.h.D. possible. My grateful thanks to the professors and others staff of the Doctoral Programme in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics of the ICMC/USP for their professionalism and dedication. My gratitude to the UK Open University – United Kingdom by the opportunities, infrastructure and support given during internship from November/2013 to April/2014 related to this P.h.D. work. My sincere appreciation to my colleagues from the Open University – United Kingdom for the welcome and enjoyable stay during my internship carried out there. I am also very grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (grant 2011/06204-1) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (grant DS-5834080/D) whose financial support made this P.h.D. possible; and to FAPESP/BEPE (grant 2013/16759-6) for funding the internship abroad. “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of true education.” (Martin Luther King, Jr.) RESUMO ARIMOTO, M. M. Agile development of open educational resources. 2016. 203 f. Doctoral dissertation (Doctorate Candidate Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics) – Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC/USP), São Carlos – SP. o longo dos anos, o rápido avanço nas tecnologias computacionais e de comunicação vem alterando de forma significativa o modo com que a sociedade se comunica e A conduz seus negócios. De forma análoga, mudanças vêm ocorrendo na maneira com que os recursos educacionais são projetados, desenvolvidos e disponibilizados aos aprendizes. Seguindo essa tendência, o desenvolvimento e a adoção de Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REAs) vêm ganhando cada vez mais adeptos em todo o mundo, como uma forma de ampliar o acesso ao conhecimento e melhorar a educação. De fato, a distribuição livre e aberta de recursos educacionais contribui para a disseminação de conhecimento e facilita o acesso à informação, além de promover a democratização do acesso à educação, beneficiando a sociedade como um todo. Embora REAs possam trazer benefícios e impacto sobre a educação, ainda existem muitos desafios para sua ampla produção e adoção. Um dos desafios enfrentados pelos desenvolvedores (incluindo educadores e praticantes) de REAs é produzir materiais de aprendizagem de qualidade, capazes de serem reusados e adaptados a diferentes contextos e situações de aprendizagem. Evidencia-se também a necessidade de mecanismos que propiciem o aumento da produtividade do processo de desenvolvimento e da qualidade dos REAs elaborados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o desenvolvimento de REAs e estabelecer abordagens flexíveis para apoiar efetivamente o projeto e a criação desses recursos. Nesse contexto, um método ágil para o desenvolvimento e disponibilização de REAs, AM-OER, foi estabelecido. O método é fundamentado em práticas da Engenharia de Software e práticas de projeto de aprendizagem (Learning Design), incorporadas no desenvolvimento de REAs no intuito de melhorar a sua qualidade e facilitar o reúso e adaptação. O objetivo final do método é apoiar o desenvolvimento de REAs de qualidade, capazes de motivar e guiar os aprendizes no processo de construção de conhecimento. Avaliações empíricas preliminares foram conduzidas para validar o AM-OER por meio de sua aplicação no projeto e criação de cursos nos domínios de desenvolvimento de software livre e teste de software. Os resultados obtidos até o momento demonstram que o método é viável e eficaz no projeto e criação de REAs. Palavras-chave: Recursos Educationais Abertos, Projeto de Aprendizagem, Métodos Ágeis. ABSTRACT ARIMOTO, M. M. Agile development of open educational resources. 2016. 203 f. Doctoral dissertation (Doctorate Candidate Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics) – Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC/USP), São Carlos – SP. ver the years, the rapid advance of the computer and communication technologies has significantly changed the way in which the society communicates and conducts O business. Similarly, changes have occurred in the way in which educational resources are designed, developed and made available to learners. Following this trend, the development and adoption of Open Educational Resources (OERs) has been gaining more supporters across the world, as a means to expand access to knowledge and improve education. Indeed, the free and open distribution of educational resources helps disseminate knowledge, facilitates access to information and promotes the democratisation of access to education, benefiting society as a whole. While OERs can bring benefits to, and impact on education, there are still challenges to their widespread production and adoption. One of the challenges faced by developers (including educators and practitioners) of OERs is to produce quality and relevant

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