Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts has been modified from several OpenStax textbooks including Concepts of Biology, Biology 2E, Microbiology and Anatomy and Physiology. These textbooks have been cited and attributed below. Each textbook can be accessed for free in its original form by clicking on the links included with each book citation. The OpenStax textbooks are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. Concepts of Biology OpenStax o Authors: Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise o Publisher/website: OpenStax o Book title: Concepts of Biology o Publication date: Apr 25, 2013 o Location: Houston, Texas o Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-introduction o Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-introduction © Jan 12, 2021 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. Biology 2E OpenStax o Authors: Mary Ann Clark, Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi o Publisher/website: OpenStax o Book title: Biology 2e o Publication date: Mar 28, 2018 o Location: Houston, Texas o Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction o Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction © Jan 7, 2021 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. Microbiology OpenStax o Authors: Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster o Publisher/website: OpenStax o Book title: Microbiology o Publication date: Nov 1, 2016 o Location: Houston, Texas o Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction o Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction © Aug 20, 2020 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax o Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix o Publisher/website: OpenStax o Book title: Anatomy and Physiology o Publication date: Apr 25, 2013 o Location: Houston, Texas o Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction o Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction © Sep 11, 2020 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. ii Access for free at https://openstax.org/ Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts Table of Contents o Preface to the remixed text, Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts of Biology (pages i-vi) Unit 1. The Cellular Foundation of Life Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science (pages 1-24) o 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology (page 1) o 1.2 The Process of Science (pages 14) Chapter 2: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life (pages 25-61) o 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules (page 25) o 2.2 Chemical Bonds (page 38) o 2.3 Water (page 48) o 2.4 pH and Buffers (page 56) Chapter 3 Biologically Important Molecules (pages 63-101) o 3.1 Carbon (page 64) o 3.2 Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules (page 68) o 3.3 Biological Molecules – Carbohydrates (page 72) o 3.4 Biological Molecules – Lipids (page 79) o 3.5 Biological Molecules – Proteins (page 87) o 3.6 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids (page 97) Chapter 4: Introduction to Cell Structure and Function (pages 103-144) o 4.1 How Microorganisms Are Studied (page 104) o 4.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (page 108) o 4.3 Eukaryotic Cell Components (page 113) o 4.4 Eukaryotic Cell Organelles (page 120) o 4.5 Diversity of cell organelles within the eukaryotes (page 133) iii Access for free at https://openstax.org/ Chapter 5: Structure and Function of the Cell Membrane and an Introduction to Energy (pages 145-191) o 5.1 The Cell Membrane (page 145) o 5.2 Passive Transport (page 152) o 5.3 Active Transport (page 161) o 5.4 Energy and Metabolism (page 166) o 5.5 Law of Thermodynamics (page 171) o 5.6 Types of Energy (page 175) o 5.7 Enzymes (page 184) Chapter 6: Introduction to Cellular Respiration (pages 193-222) o 6.1 Energy in Living Systems (page 193) o 6.2 Glycolysis (page 201) o 6.3 Citric Acid Cycle (page 206) o 6.4 Oxidative phosphorylation (page 210) o 6.5 Fermentation (page 216) o 6.6 Connections to Other Metabolic Pathways (page 220) Chapter 7: Introduction to Photosynthesis (pages 223-246) o 7.1: Overview of Photosynthesis (page 223) o 7.2: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis (page 232) o 7.3: The Calvin Cycle (page 240) iv Access for free at https://openstax.org/ Unit 2: Cell Division and Genetics Chapter 8: Introduction to Reproduction at the Cellular Level (pages 247-293) o 8.1 The Genome (page 248) o 8.2 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis (page 252) o 8.3 Prokaryotic Cell Division (page 265) o 8.4 Sexual Reproduction (page 269) o 8.5 Meiosis (page 272) o 8.6 Errors in Meiosis (page 287) Chapter 9: Introduction to Patterns of Inheritance (pages 295-333) o 9.1 Gregor Mendel and Genetic Crosses (page 295) o 9.2 Laws of Inheritance (page 301) o 9.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance (page 313) o 9.4 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance (page 320) o 9.5 Patterns of Inheritance (page 326) Unit 3: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Chapter 10: DNA replication and Protein Synthesis (pages 335-376) o 10.1 The Structure of DNA (page 335) o 10.2 DNA Replication (page 343) o 10.3 Transcription (page 355) o 10.4 Translation (page 364) o 10.5 How Genes Are Regulated (pages 372) Unit 4: Evolution and Introduction to Biotechnology Chapter 11: Introduction Evolution (pages 379-405) o 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change (page 378) o 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution (page 388) o 11.3. Evidence of Evolution (page 396) o 11.4 Common Misconceptions about Evolution (pages 402) Glossary (pages I-XXI) OER Attribution Table (pages XXIII-XXXVI) v Access for free at https://openstax.org/ Preface Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts of Biology About Our Team Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts would not be possible without the work of the following College of Lake County faculty contributing authors and reviewers. Senior Faculty Contributing Author and Reviewer Elizabeth O’Grady, PhD Faculty Contributing Authors and Reviewers Jason Cashmore, MS Marsha Hay, MS Carol Wismer, MS This textbook was put together to increase accessibility and provide a quality textbook at little or no cost to student learners. This work was funded in part by a sabbatical provided by the College of Lake County and support by the Biological and Health Science Division. A special thank you to Mark Coykendall, Biology Department Chair, for his support and encouragement. This textbook would not have been possible without the support and advise of our families. A copy of this book can be found on CLC’s website – Biology OER All written text found in Principles of Biology – An Introduction to Biological Concepts and the OpenStax textbooks are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. The images, photos, graphs, etc. used in this textbook have each been individually attributed. Images, photos, graphs, etc. have different creative commons licenses and have been licensed according to their original authors. An attribution table can be located on the last pages of this textbook. vi Access for free at https://openstax.org/ Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science Figure 1.1 This NASA image is a composite of several satellite-based views of Earth. (credit: modification of work by NASA/Concepts of Biology OpenStax) Viewed from space, Earth offers very few clues about the diversity of life forms that can be found there. The first forms of life on Earth are thought to have been microorganisms that existed for billions of years before plants and animals appeared. Mammals, birds, and flowers are all relatively recent additions to the planet, originating 130 to 200 million years ago. Humans have only inhabited this planet for the last 2.5 million years, and only in the last 200,000 years have humans started looking like we do today. 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology Biology is the science that studies life. What exactly is life? This may sound like a silly question with an obvious answer; however, it is not always easy to define life. For example, a branch of biology called virology studies viruses.