1 Battery Recycling Colin Pelletier RSR Technologies Metals Recycling Conference June 19, 2019 Outline • Background RSRT and RSR • Lead Smelting • Battery Space • Non PbA Battery Recycling • Questions 2 RSR Technologies • RSR Technologies is a research and development company engaged in the non- ferrous smelting and refining industries. • The company provides services to battery, mining, and smelting companies. RSR Technologies is focused on achieving the highest standards for health, safety and the environment. • The company provides services worldwide and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. • Associated with the RSR NA Corporation and Ecobat Technologies 3 2018 US Lead Production was ~1,300,000 tons >85% going into PbA batteries Jan-Oct 2018; 116,000,000 batteries produced 4 Car Batteries 5 Logistics and Shipping BCI National Recycling Rate Survey (2012-2016 ) 6 Smelting 7 Refining 8 Lead 9 Emissions • Liquid – Hygiene and process water • Air – • Solid CaO-FeO-SiO2 Phase Diagram ▫ Disposal slag ▫ Hazardous Slag 10 Batteries 11 Micro-Alloying Effects on Performance A matrix of over 100 micro- alloys tested Real Time Analysis During Cycling • Small fraction of cell near the tabs is responding. • Fast cycling (0.5 A = C/2) • Only modest changes in XRD. ▫ There is a strong gradient in SOC vertically along cell • Spatially averaged XRD signal matches voltage profile. • There are strong changes locally though. Active Material Utilization is “Not” Uniform, Limiting Performance 13 Non lead acid batteries – Li ion • Avicenne Energy Presentations at NAATBATT 2019 14 http://www.associationofbatteryrecyclers.com/technology.html 15 Collection and Transportation 16 What are the wastes? • Varies by process ▫ Tailings/slag ▫ E-waste Inhalable D50 – 100 um Thoracic D50 – 10 um • Emission requirements only get tighter Respirable D50 – 4 um ▫ Particulates (micro, nano) 17 Materials Recovery & Qualification for Reuse • Li ion work ▫ DOE RECELL Sigma NMC111 lot Assay >97.5% by XRF ▫ USCAR/USABC ▫ Individual Companies iSKY Battery grade MnSO4 • What is the product ▫ Metal salts ▫ Cathode material ▫ Metal ▫ Electrolyte ▫ Environmental compliance ▫ Corporate stewardship 18 19 Colin Pelletier [email protected] 469 317 5009 rsrtechnologies.com Questions Citations • M. Raiford, T. Ellis; Microalloyed Control of Lead Battery Active Materials and Resulting Performance Improvements thorugh in situ electrochemical techniques TMS 2019 Mar. 10-14, 2019 San Antonio TX • Queneau et al; Recycling Lead and Zinc in the United States World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL 68 (2015) No. 3 149(68(3)):149 · January 2015 • EDR Group; Economic Contribution of the U.S. Lead Battery Industry, BCI Jan. 2018 • EPA Webinar; An Introduction to Li ion batteries and the challenges that they pose to the waste and recycling industry; Mar 22, 2018 • Prengaman; Lead Alloys; Material Science and Technology; 15 Sept 2006 • M Sanders; Industrial Markets in North America, NAATBatt 2019; Phoenix; Mar 12, 2019 • M Sanders; Can Lead Acid Batteries Maintain Market Share?, NAATBatt 2019; Phoenix; Mar 13, 2019 • USGS Mineral Commodity studies; Lead; 2019; https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/lead-statistics- and-information 20 Picture attribution • Slide 2 ▫ h ttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Agricolas-illustration-of-a-liquation-hearth_fig4_237100389 • Slide 3 ▫ h ttps://ecobatgroup.com/ecobatgroup-en/ • Slide 4/15 ▫ h ttp://www.associationofbatteryrecyclers.com/technology.html • Slide 5 ▫ h ttps://www.hemmings.com/blog/2012/08/03/weather-conditioning-from-packard/ ▫ h ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1 ▫ h ttps://data.idis2.com/IDIS_data/faces/contents/vehicle/vehicleMain.xhtml ▫ h ttps://hymanltd.com/vehicles/6028-1921-ford-model-t-center-door-sedan/ • Slide 6 ▫ h ttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pallet_of_scrap_lead-acid_automotive_batteries_(wide_view).jpg • Slide 7 ▫ h ttps://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/leadsmelter/popups/reverbfurnace_popup.html ▫ h ttps://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/leadsmelter/popups/sideviewreverbfurnace_popup.html ▫ Hofman, Metallurgy of Lead 1e, McGraw Hill, 1918 ▫ h ttps://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_manufacture • Slide 9 ▫ h ttps://ecobatgroup.com/ecobatgroup-en/products/lead_and_alloys/soft_lead.php ▫ h ttps://www.lme.com/en-GB/Metals/Non-ferrous/Lead/Physical • Slide 11 ▫ h ttps://www.autobatteries.com/en-us/how-car-batteries-work/anatomy ▫ h ttps://batterytechnology.weebly.com/battery-manufacturing-flowchart.html • Slide 16 ▫ h ttps://www.labelmaster.com/shop/labels/battery-labels/hazard-class-9-lithium-battery-labels/blank-and-pre-printed-shipping-name-class-9-lithium-battery-labels/un3481-lithium-ion-batteries-contained-in- h snlb6500et?gclid=EAIaIQobChMItaiuo_Gx4gIVSrzACh3LJQ32EAQYAiABEgJYm_D_BwE • Slide 17 ▫ h ttps://www.skcinc.com/catalog/infopage.php?id=9020 ▫ Fa ctory by icon 54 from the Noun Project • Slide 18 ▫ h ttp://www.iskychem.com/wap_product_detail_en/id/17.html 21.