Houses of Parliament Women in Parliament: a guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament and their representation in the historical collections. Including Women in Parliament: Works from the Parliamentary Art Collection exhibition catalogue. Speaker’s Advisory Committee on Works of Art WWW.PARLIAMENT.UK/ART Contents 1 Contents Introduction 2 Women’s Suffrage in Parliament 3 Women Members of Parliament 7 Women and the House of Lords 10 Exhibition catalogue 12 Researching women’s history 60 Appendices 63 — Women MPs Making Laws — Parliament Making Laws Affecting Women — Female chairs of select committees in the House of Commons from 1979 to Jan 2015 — Women MPs – map — Women MPs – number by party — List of women MPs Selected Bibliography 82 Glossary of Terms 82 2 Women in Parliament: a guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament Introduction HIS PUBLICATION and the accompanying Viscountess Rhondda, a hereditary women peer, exhibition celebrates women who have engaged had attempted to take her seat in 1922, her claim withT and participated in Parliament. Women have eventually thwarted by the Lord Chancellor. It was always been present in Parliament to witness and not until 1963 that women hereditary peers were able participate in the day to day business of the House. to take their seats in the Lords. They have been staff, public and business visitors, This exhibition and publication are the first outputs guests and families of parliamentarians, lobbyists associated with the Vote 100 project. A four year and campaigners. Since 1918 they have been MPs project funded by the Speaker’s Art Fund and and since 1958 Peers. They have helped run the supported by the House of Lords and House of organisation and have engaged with Parliamentary Commons, Vote 100 will culminate in 2018 with a business – from watching debates to campaigning public exhibition in Westminster Hall coinciding for election candidates, from submitting petitions to with: protesting, and much more. Most importantly they have, in relatively recent times, participated as MPs, — the centenary of the Representation of the People Peers and voters. Act 1918 — the centenary of the Parliament (Qualification of This publication is not intended to be a Women) Act 1918 comprehensive history or analysis, it concentrates only on the 19th and 20th centuries. But we hope, as — the centenary of the 1918 general election, the well as providing information and highlighting how first time some women were able to vote Parliament’s collections document this important — the 90th anniversary of the Equal Franchise Act history, it will encourage further research. 1928 The campaign for votes for women, and particularly — the 60th anniversary of the Life Peerages Act 1958 how it interacted with Parliament, is well In advance of 2018, Vote 100 will deliver a documented in the collections of the Parliamentary programme of displays, conferences, talks and Archives and the Parliamentary Art Collection. lectures, publications and web activities. To find Some is on display in the exhibition, much more is out more about Vote 100 and how to get involved or available, and this publication highlights this history. follow us on social media visit The pioneering women MPs discussed were elected www.parliament.uk/vote100. before the general election of 1997. Since that date the number of women becoming MPs has been more than 120 at each election, representing around 20 per cent of the House and has remained at that proportion consistently. The pioneers who took part in a House which was overwhelmingly male deserve celebration. The biographies commemorate their contribution to Parliament in the form of legislation, including Private Member’s Bills, contributions to select and bill committees, and their work in and outside the chamber. TheLife Peerages Act 1958 allowed women to sit in the House of Lords for the first time, though Women’s Suffrage in Parliament 3 Women’s Suffrage in Parliament N 3 AUGUST 1832, Henry Hunt MP stood subject took place in 1867 with Mill’s unsuccessful up in the House of Commons to present the attempt to amend the Second Reform Bill to Ofirst ever petition from a woman asking for the vote. substitute the word ‘man’ with ‘person’. Hunt, a radical politician, acknowledged that the Following Mill’s attempt, women’s suffrage private petition ‘might be a subject of mirth to some hon. members’ bills or resolutions were presented to the Gentlemen’ in the Commons, and indeed it was Commons almost every year between 1870 and discussed only very briefly and with a mocking tone. 1914. There were many debates and divisions, some The petitioner was a Mary Smith, from Stanmore in in favour. Petitioning also continued, with nearly the county of York, and as Hunt described it: 12,000 petitions for women’s suffrage presented The petitioner stated that she paid taxes, and therefore to the Commons between 1866 and 1918, and did not see why she should not have a share in the hundreds more to the Lords. No government, election of a Representative; she also stated that however, was prepared to introduce its own bill or women were liable to all the punishments of the law, allow the time for a private members’ bill to pass. not excepting death, and ought to have a voice in the Meanwhile, it should also not be forgotten that making of them; but so far from this, even upon their separate from the vote, there were other significant trials, both judges and jurors were all of the opposite sex. feminist campaigns during the 19th century which Although Mary Smith’s petition marks the start of achieved some success, including campaigns on child campaigning for women’s suffrage in Parliament, custody, divorce law reform and married women’s some philosophers and political thinkers advocated property by Caroline Norton, and the campaign rights for women as citizens equal to that of men against the Contagious Diseases Acts by Josephine even earlier. These included the author Mary Woll- Butler. Women had given evidence to parliamentary stonecraft, who wrote ‘A Vindication of the Rights committees at least as far back as 1852, when Mary of Woman’ in 1792. The Great Reform Act of 1832 Carpenter gave evidence to the Commons Select explicitly excluded women from the Parliamentary Committee on Criminal and Destitute Juveniles, and vote for the first time by defining voters as ‘male in 1918 seven women non-MPs were co-opted onto persons’. Very few men could vote either in the early the Select Committee on Luxury Duty. 19th century, and some women played a part in Despite the lack of success with the Parliamentary general agitation for political reform, including the franchise, rate-paying women did participate in Chartist movement, arguing for a ‘family vote’ that many local elections. Recent historical research has reflected the needs of women and children as well as traced women voting and standing for office as poor men. law guardians, surveyors of highways and in parish Women began to organise into various regional and elections from at least the 1830s onwards. national groups lobbying for the vote from the 1850s. In 1897 a federation of 17 local suffrage societies In 1866, the Women’s Suffrage Petition Committee formed the National Union of Women’s Suffrage led by Barbara Bodichon organised a petition which Societies (NUWSS), ‘with a view to the more was presented to the House of Commons by the systematic and combined organisation of work Liberal MP John Stuart Mill, asking for the elective throughout the country’, as its notice of formation franchise to be extended to all householders ‘without declared. Under the leadership of Millicent distinction of sex’. The House recorded that the Garrett Fawcett, the NUWSS and its member petition had 1521 signatures, a great achievement at societies pursued constitutional means of political the time. The first full Parliamentary debate on the campaigning. 4 Women in Parliament: a guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament Petition from the Mistresses of Dulwich High School for votes for women, 3 November 1884 Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/6/11A Women’s Suffrage in Parliament 5 Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929) Curator’s Office Reference Collection Some women became impatient with the lack of Ladies’ Gallery and had to be cut free in a committee progress by suffragists, and in 1903 the Women’s room. Marion Wallace-Dunlop defaced the Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded stonework in St Stephen’s Hall with a rubber stamp by Emmeline Pankhurst and others. The WSPU’s in June 1909, printing an extract from the Bill of motto, ‘Deeds Not Words’, encapsulated their Rights 1689, and then became the first suffragette to different approach. Their methods of direct action, go on hunger strike in prison. which began in late 1905 and developed and Most famously, Emily Wilding Davison hid escalated over time, took many forms including overnight in the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft on setting fire to pillar boxes, stone-throwing and census night in April 1911, an event marked by a window-breaking. Supporters of the WSPU and plaque put up by Tony Benn MP many years later. other militant organisations, such as the Women’s Davison was a member of the WSPU, but also acted Freedom League (WFL), became known as independently. She hid in the Palace of Westminster ‘suffragettes’. Although the suffragettes were small in on several occasions and was put on a list of people number compared to the suffragists, their methods banned from the building by Speaker Lowther in ensured much more publicity. 1910, to no avail. The Speaker wrote: A lady who breaks the windows of the Crown Office The Palace of Westminster as a focus for protest and gets into our ventilating shaft is evidently not a desirable personage to have hanging about St Stephen’s The Palace of Westminster was a particular target Hall, so her name had better go on the Index Expun- for suffragettes.