Local voices in land use decisions Local Invitation to attend the public defense of my PhD thesis Local voices in land use decisions Co-producing spatial knowledge on ecosystem services with indigenous and tribal communities in intact forest regions Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez Gómez Sara O.I. Ramírez On Friday 27th of September, 2019 at 12:45 at the Senate Hall of the Academiegebouw Domplein 29, Utrecht Following the defense, a reception will be held in the Academiegebouw Local voices in land use decisions Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez Co-producing spatial knowledge on [email protected] ecosystem services with indigenous and Paranymphs tribal communities in intact forest regions Debora Linga [email protected] Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez Sarah Crabe [email protected] 534893-os-Gomez.indd 1,6 22-08-19 09:42 Cover-Sara Ramirez Gomez.indd 1 20-08-19 11:24 Invite-Sara Ramirez Gomez.indd 1 20-08-19 11:23 534893-L-os-Gomez Processed on: 22-8-2019 Local voices in land use decisions Co-producing spatial knowledge on ecosystem services with indigenous and tribal communities in intact forest regions Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 1 Dit proefschrift werd mede mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van Tropenbos International, WWF Guianas and Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). Copyright: © Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez ISBN/EAN: 978-90-8672-089-7 Cover and chapters design: Debora Linga Cover layout: Margot Stoete Photos: Debora Linga and Sara O.I. Ramírez Gómez Illustrations: Pixabay 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 2 Local voices in land use decisions: Co-producing spatial knowledge on ecosystem services with indigenous and tribal communities in intact forest regions De lokale stem in besluiten over landgebruik: Co-productie van ruimtelijke kennis over ecosysteemdiensten met inheemse en tribale gemeenschappen in intacte bosgebieden (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Las voces locales en la toma de decisiones sobre el uso de la tierra: Produciendo conocimiento espacial sobre servicios ecosistémicos en colaboración con comunidades indígenas y afro-descendientes en bosques intactos (Con un resumen en español) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van rector magnificus, Prof. dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 27 september 2019 des middags te 12:45 uur door Sara Olga Inés Ramírez Gómez geboren op 15 juli 1978 te Pereira, Colombia 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 3 Promotoren: Prof. dr. F.H.B. Biermann Prof. dr. R.G.A. Boot Copromotor: Dr. P.A. Verweij 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 4 Table of contents Chapter 1: General introduction ......................................................... 1 1.1 Intact tropical forest: global conservation gains and contests ........ 2 1.2 Indigenous and tribal communities and the conservation of intact forest regions ................................................................................... 5 1.3 The data scarcity challenge .............................................................. 7 1.4 Knowledge co-production: creating an enabling environment for action……. ....................................................................................... 10 1.5 Objective and research questions .................................................. 14 1.6 Study regions .................................................................................. 16 1.7 Overview of methodology .............................................................. 17 1.8 Outline of the thesis ....................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Analysis of ecosystem service provision in the Colombian Amazon using participatory research and mapping techniques ....... ..21 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 23 2.2 Study area ...................................................................................... 26 2.3 Methods ......................................................................................... 30 2.4 Results ............................................................................................ 36 2.5 Discussion ....................................................................................... 51 2.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3: Participatory mapping to identify indigenous community use zones: Implications for conservation planning in southern Suriname ......................................................................................... 61 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 63 3.2 Study area ...................................................................................... 67 3.3 Methods ......................................................................................... 68 3.4 Results ............................................................................................ 75 3.5 Discussion ....................................................................................... 81 Chapter 4: Assessing spatial equity in access to service provisioning hotspots in tropical forest under external pressure .......................... 91 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 5 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 93 4.2 Methods ......................................................................................... 96 4.3 Results .......................................................................................... 104 4.4 Discussion ..................................................................................... 115 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 121 Chapter 5: Participatory 3D modelling as a socially engaging and user- useful approach in ecosystem service assessments among marginalized communities ............................................................. 123 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 125 5.2 Methods ....................................................................................... 129 5.3 Results .......................................................................................... 140 5.4 Discussion ..................................................................................... 151 5.5 Conclusions .................................................................................. 160 Chapter 6: Synthesis and discussion ............................................... 163 6.1 Synthesis....................................................................................... 164 6.2 Discussion ..................................................................................... 167 6.3 Recommendation for future research ......................................... 185 6.4 Recommendation for policy makers ............................................ 187 6.5 Recommendations for practitioners ............................................ 188 7 Appendices ............................................................................. 191 8 References .............................................................................. 203 Summary ....................................................................................... 241 Samenvatting ................................................................................ 249 Resumen ....................................................................................... 257 Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 265 About the author ........................................................................... 270 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 6 Chapter 1 General introduction Intact forest are critical for the provision of ecosystem services, from the local to the global scale. They offer unique opportunities to mitigate two of the greatest environmental problems that the world faces: climate change and the loss of biodiversity (McCauley et al., 2013). However, the expansion of external pressures into intact forest regions, such as roads, logging, agriculture and mining, threatens the maintenance of these high conservation values. Indigenous and tribal communities live, manage and own vast areas of the remaining intact tropical forest regions of the world (Garnett et al., 2018). Their livelihoods also depend on these forests. It is therefore highly relevant and urgent to involve them in land use decision making that affects them, and to consider the entangled social and ecological transformation processes that local communities undergo upon the arrival of external pressures. However, tools and 1 534893-L-bw-Gomez Processed on: 30-8-2019 PDF page: 7 Chapter 1 approaches that consistently enable their engagement are not yet available. Our scientific understanding of how external pressures affect the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecosystem service use by local communities and how these dynamics affect the conservation of intact forest areas is still limited. In this context, conservation is understood as a broader concept referring to the safeguarding of both, biodiversity and ecosystem services. This thesis has been designed to address