CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE KAPA‘A RELIEF ROUTE; KAPA‘A, WAIPOULI, OLOHENA, WAILUA AND HANAMĀ‘ULU ISLAND OF KAUA‘I by K. W. Bushnell, B.A. David Shideler, M.A. and Hallett H. Hammatt, PhD. Prepared for Kimura International by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. May 2004 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i wishes to acknowledge, first and foremost, the kūpuna who willingly took the time to be interviewed and graciously shared their mana‘o: Raymond Aiu, Valentine Ako, George Hiyane, Kehaulani Kekua, Beverly Muraoka, Alice Paik, and Walter (Freckles) Smith Jr. Special thanks also go to several individuals who shared information for the completion of this report including Randy Wichman, Isaac Kaiu, Kemamo Hookano, Aletha Kaohi, LaFrance Kapaka-Arboleda, Sabra Kauka, Linda Moriarty, George Mukai, Jo Prigge, Healani Trembath, Martha Yent, Jiro Yukimura, Joanne Yukimura, and Taka Sokei. Interviews were conducted by Tina Bushnell. Background research was carried out by Tina Bushnell, Dr. Vicki Creed and David Shideler. Acknowledgements also go to Mary Requilman of the Kaua‘i Historical Society and the Bishop Museum Archives staff who were helpful in navigating their respective collections for maps and photographs. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 A. Scope of Work............................................................................................................ 1 B. Methods....................................................................................................................... 1 1. Historic Research........................................................................................................ 1 2. Archaeological Review............................................................................................... 1 3. Identification of Knowledgeable Informants.............................................................. 1 4. Oral Interviews............................................................................................................ 2 5. Report.......................................................................................................................... 2 II. SECTION 1: KAPA‘A, WAIPOULI, AND OLOHENA ................................................. 3 A. Natural Setting............................................................................................................ 3 B. Mo‘olelo of Kapa‘a, Waipouli and Olohena............................................................... 4 1. Mō‘īkeha..................................................................................................................... 4 2. Ka‘ililauokekoa........................................................................................................... 7 3. Kalukalu grass of Kapa‘a............................................................................................ 7 4. Pāka‘a and the wind gourd of La‘amaomao (Keahiahi) ............................................. 7 C. Place Names and Wahi Pana of Section 1.................................................................. 9 D. Early Post-Contact Period......................................................................................... 11 E. The Mahele Period.................................................................................................... 12 1. Land Commission Awards........................................................................................ 14 Kapa‘a........................................................................................................................... 14 Waipouli........................................................................................................................ 15 Olohena......................................................................................................................... 17 2. Boundary Commission.............................................................................................. 17 Waipouli........................................................................................................................ 17 F. The Late 1800s.......................................................................................................... 18 G. 20th Century History of Kapa‘a, Waipouli and Olohena ......................................... 21 H. Previous Archaeological and Cultural Studies of Kapa‘a, Waipouli and Olohena .. 24 III. SECTION 2, NORTHERN PORTION OF THE AHUPUA‘A OF WAILUA (INCLUDING WAILUA RIVER) ................................................................................. 34 A. Natural Setting of Wailua ......................................................................................... 34 B. Cultural History of Wailua........................................................................................ 34 1. Kawelo ...................................................................................................................... 36 ii Table of Contents 2. Pikoiakaalala............................................................................................................. 37 3. Kalelealuaka.............................................................................................................. 37 4. Kapunohu.................................................................................................................. 37 5. Lepeamoa.................................................................................................................. 37 C. Early Period Following European Contact ............................................................... 38 D. The Mahele Period.................................................................................................... 39 E. Post-Mahele Period................................................................................................... 45 F. Previous Archaeological Research and Finds in Wailua Ahupua‘a ......................... 45 G. Discussion and Summary of Wailua Settlement Pattern .......................................... 45 IV. SECTION 3: SOUTHERN PORTION OF THE AHUPUA‘A OF WAILUA AND NORTHERN PORTION OF HANAMĀ‘ULU AHUPUA‘A ....................................... 55 A. Natural Setting.......................................................................................................... 55 B. Mo‘olelo of Wailua and Hanamā‘ulu ....................................................................... 56 C. Nā Wahi Pana and Place Names of Wailua/Hanamā‘ulu......................................... 57 D. Cultural History........................................................................................................ 58 E. Archaeological Research and findings in Section 3, Wailua and Hanamā’ulu Ahupua‘a 59 V. RESULTS OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION........................................................ 64 A. Consultation Process................................................................................................. 70 B. Synopsis of Oral Interviews...................................................................................... 70 1. Raymond Aiu............................................................................................................ 70 2. Valentine Ako........................................................................................................... 74 3. George Hiyane.......................................................................................................... 77 4. Kehaulani Kekua....................................................................................................... 80 5. Beverly Muraoka [Apana] ........................................................................................ 83 6. Walter “Freckles” Smith Jr. ...................................................................................... 88 VI. CULTURAL PRACTICES OF SECTIONS 1,2, AND 3 ............................................... 94 A. Section 1: Kapa‘a, Waipouli and Olohena................................................................ 94 1. Burials....................................................................................................................... 94 2. Marshlands of Kapa‘a............................................................................................... 94 B. Cultural Traditions of Section 2: Wailua.................................................................. 95 1. Burials....................................................................................................................... 96 2. Heiau......................................................................................................................... 97 iii Table of Contents 3. Pu‘ukī (Pu‘uki‘i) ....................................................................................................... 98 4. ‘Auwai....................................................................................................................... 98 5. ‘Uhane....................................................................................................................... 99 6. Fishing....................................................................................................................... 99 C. Cultural Practices of Section 3, Portions of Wailua and Hanamā‘ulu Ahupua‘a ... 100 1. Burials..................................................................................................................... 100 2. Bird Catching.........................................................................................................