Biographical Notes Ben Gurion, David (1886–1973) – Chairman, Zionist Executive and Jewish Agency Executive (1935–1948), holder of Defense portfolio (1946–1948). Chairman, National Administration and holder of Defense portfolio (April–May 1948). Born in Russia, settled in Palestine 1906, helped found Ahdut Ha’avodah (“Unity of Labor”) movement (1919). Secretary-General, Histadrut federation of labor (1921–1935). Prime Minister and Defense Minister (1948–1953, 1955–1963). Member of Knesset (1948–1969). Leader of Rafi (Israel Workers List; 1965–1968). Leader of State List (1969–1970). Ben Zvi, Yitzhak (Shimshelevich) (1884–1963) – President, National Committee of the Jewish Community of Palestine (1945–1948). Born in Russia, settled in Palestine 1907. Member of Hashomer (“The Watchman”), Ahdut Ha’avodah (“Unity of Labor”) movement, Histadrut federation of labor, Mapai (precursor of Labor Party). Chairman, National Committee (1931–1945). Member of First Knesset on Mapai list. President of Israel (1952–1963). Publicist, researcher of the history of the Land of Israel. Bevin, Ernest (1881–1951) – British Foreign Secretary (1945–1951), a leader of the Labour Party and of the trade union movement in Britain. Minister of Labour and National Service in wartime Cabinet (1940–1945). Butterfield, (?) – Director, Department of Transportation of the Mandate Administration (1948). Served in Colonial Administration in Tanganyika; military service in the Middle East. Cohen, Leo (1894–1961) – Political Secretary, Jewish Agency Political Department (1948). Settled in Palestine 1921; returned to Germany in 1928 and moved back to Palestine 1932. Adviser to Moshe Shertok (Sharett) in Political Department and afterward in Foreign Ministry. Member, Jewish Agency Executive; deputy chairman of Keren Hayesod (Palestine Foundation Fund). Cunningham, General Sir Alan Gordon (1887–1983) – High Com- missioner and C-in-C Palestine, (1945–1948) and of Trans Jordan 218 Biographical Notes 219 (1945–1946). In the British Army from his youth. Commander, British southern task force which expelled Italian Army from Somalia and Ethiopia (1940–1941). First commander, 8th Army in the Western Desert; relieved of command, November 1941. Command and instruc- tion posts in Britain (1942–1945). Retired 1948. De Bunsen, Sir Bernard (1907–1990) – Head, Department of Education in Mandate Administration (1946–1948). Oxford graduate, headmaster and inspector in education system in Britain. Worked in education in Kenya after service in Palestine and concluded his service as President of the University of East Africa. Dobbs, Henry (1914–?) – Assistant for administration to the Chief Secretary (1946–1948). Served in Ceylon (1937–1945). Lecturer in col- onial administration studies, Oxford (1945–1946). Dorman, Maurice (1912–?) – Principal Under-Secretary in Palestine (1947–1948). Colonial official in Trinidad and Tobago and in Tanganyika (1935–1945). Assistant to Governor of Malta (1945–1947). Dow, Sir Hugh (1886–1978) – British Consul-General and repres- entative of the Foreign Office in Jerusalem (1948–1949). Official of the colonial service and a diplomat. Governor of Sind (1941–1947) and Bihar (1946–1947). Remained in Jordan following the signing of the armistice agreements; representative of British interest in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. Fitzgerald, Sir William (1894–1989) – The last Chief Justice of Palestine (1944–1948). Served in Nigeria as an officer and judge (1919–1931). Fletcher-Cooke, John (1911–?). Chief Under-Secretary for Adminis- tration and Finance (1947). No. 2 after Gurney. From January 1948, adviser on Palestine to British delegation to U.N. As such, represented his government on Trusteeship Council of Jerusalem, established by the U.N. following the vote on partition and the international- ization of Jerusalem on November 29, 1947. Secretary and special envoy in the Colonial Office (1934–1942). Joined the army and was a POW in Germany (1942–1945). Special Assistant of Mac-Michal (the former High Commissioner of Palestine) as the Governor of Malta (1946). 220 Biographical Notes Fox-Strangways, Vivian (1898–?) – Under-Secretary in Chief Secretariat, in charge of ties with Jewish Agency (1946–1948). Military service in Palestine and on the Western Front in France in World War I. Served in Nigeria and Malawi (1923–1933), New Zealand (1933–1941), Gilbert and Ellis Islands (1941–1946). Gibson, Leslie (1896–?) – Attorney General in Palestine Mandate Administration (1944–1948). Served in Malaya Civil Administration (1920–1937) and in the legal department of the Colonial Office in London (1937–1940). General Prosecutor in Trinidad (1940–1944). Graves, Richard (1880–1960) – British-appointed Chairman of Jerusalem Municipal Commission, July 1947–May 1948. Graduate of Oxford and Cambridge. In the colonial service since 1903, mainly in the Eastern Mediterranean – Turkey, Greece, and Egypt – serving in the latter as director of Departments of Interior, Trade, and Industry. Arrived in Palestine 1940 as adviser to the Administration for labor affairs, appointed head of Manpower and Labor Department when it was created, in 1942. Retired from the service in January 1947, recalled in June of that year. Gray, G. Henry – Press censor of Mandate Administration. Gray, Colonel William – Inspector General of Palestine Police (1946–1948), afterward of the Malaya Police (1948–1951). Previously a Naval Commando. Hadi, Ruhi Abd al (Ruhi Bey Abdulhadi) – Principal Assistant Secretary (PAS) in Mandate Civil Administration in Palestine (1920–1948). Worked closely with the Chief Secretary. Also head of special liaison unit in the administrative-social branch of the Chief Secretariat and commissioner of a subdistrict. Foreign Minister of Jordan (1949–1950), Justice and Education Minister (1950–1952), and Defense Minister in 1952. Hamburger, Max (1907–?) – Manager, King David Hotel from 1937. Previously was assistant manager of Shepheard Hotel in Cairo. Wanted to manage a large European hotel and ran the King David in that style. Stayed on as manager even during the war. Herzog, Rabbi Isaac Halevy (1888–1959) – Chief Rabbi of Palestine (1936–1948) and of Israel (1948–1959). Formerly Chief Rabbi of Belfast Biographical Notes 221 (1916–1919), of Dublin (1919–1925), and of independent Ireland (1925–1936). Hilmi, Ahmed (Hilmi Pasha) (1880–1963) – Member, Arab Higher Committee. Member of Feisal government in Damascus (1920) and financial adviser to Government of Transjordan. Supervisor of Waqf (charitable religious trust; 1926), helped found Palestinian National Treasury. Among the founders of al-Istaqlal party (1932). Exiled by the British (1937–1938). Governor of East Jerusalem (June 1948). Prime Minister of “All-Palestine Government” in Gaza, September 1948. Hushi, Abba (1898–1969) – Secretary of Haifa Labor Council (1927–1950). Senior member of Mapai (precursor of Labor Party). Settled in Palestine 1920. Founder, Land of Israel Workers Alliance. Member, Arab Department and Executive of Histadrut federation of labor. Member, First Knesset. Mayor of Haifa (1951–1969). Husseini, Abd al Kadar al- (1907–1948) – Commander of Arab fighters loyal to the Mufti (Al-Jihad al-Muqades = the Mujahidin) in the eastern sector: from Ramallah in the north to Hebron in the south (1948). Born in Jerusalem. Studied chemistry at American University in Beirut. Returned to Palestine in 1932. Worked in the Mandate Registry Department (1933–1936). Led a group of fighters who operated in the Judean Hills during the Arab Revolt (1936–1939); wounded, fled to Syria. Resumed activity 1938 and was wounded again. Went to Iraq in 1939, where he taught and received officer training in Military Academy. Arrested in 1941 by the British on suspicion of murdering Fakhri Nashashibi of Jerusalem. Released in 1944 and deported to Saudi Arabia. Moved to Egypt in 1947 and joined his uncle, Hajj Amin al-Husseini (qv.). His units were responsible for the Palestinian Arabs’ successes in the “war of the convoys” on the Jerusalem road. Killed April 8, 1948, in the battle for Qastel, a strategic hilltop village outside Jerusalem. Husseini, Hajj Amin al- (1895–1974) – Mufti of Jerusalem from 1921 and leader of the Palestinians. Officer in the Ottoman Army in World War I. President, Supreme Muslim Council from 1922. President, Arab Higher Committee from 1936. Led the Lie Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936–1937), a leader of the pro-Nazi revolt in Iraq (1941). Lived in Berlin and an ally of Germany and Italy (1941–1945). Returned to Egypt in 1946, moved to Lebanon in 1947, resided alternately in the 222 Biographical Notes two countries. Lost his influence after 1948 and retained only symbolic strength. Husseini, Jamal al- (1893–1982) – Chairman, Arab Higher Committee (1946–1948) and its U.N. envoy during the deliberations on Palestine. Born in Jerusalem. Secretary, Palestine Executive (1921–1934). From the mid-1920s, member of the Executive and Secretary of the Supreme Muslim Council. President, Palestine Arab Party, founded 1935, and from 1936 its representative on the Arab Higher Committee. Fled Palestine during the Arab Revolt (1937). Apprehended by the British in Iran in World War II and exiled to Rhodesia. Released in 1943, returned to Palestine in 1946. Jardine, John – Lawyer, legal adviser to and afterward third and last director of the British Council in Palestine during the Mandate period. Jardine, Robert (1894–?) – Water Commissioner and Director of Land Settlement in Palestine (1945–1948). Served in District Colonial Administration in Iraq