Burakumin and Shimazaki Toson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature Andersson, René 2000 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Andersson, R. (2000). Burakumin and Shimazaki Toson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature. Institutionen för Östasiatiska Språk,. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Burakumin and Shimazaki Tôson’s Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature René Andersson 1 Published by: Dept. of East Asian Languages Lund University P.O. Box 713, SE – 220 07 Lund SWEDEN Tel: +46–46–222–9361 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 91-628-4538-1 TO MY FATHER AAGE 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................... III CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99 A genealogy of silence.........................................................................................................9 Hakai—a synopsis..............................................................................................................11 The sociological vantage point.........................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................... 19 GENESIS OF DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION AGAINST BURAKUMIN ..........................................................................................................1919 A filthy world......................................................................................................................20 The Hebrew theory............................................................................................................22 The Sakhalin theory...........................................................................................................23 The Korean theory.............................................................................................................24 Religious and occupational factors..................................................................................25 The political factor.............................................................................................................29 New beginnings..................................................................................................................31 Inflexible Tokugawa ..........................................................................................................34 Edo–Information Central.................................................................................................37 In the end, all is politics ....................................................................................................39 CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................... 45 SHIMAZAKI TÔSON―A NEW LIFE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................4545 On a traveled road .............................................................................................................46 A Tokyo education ............................................................................................................49 The influential Kitamura Tôkoku....................................................................................53 Literary magazines .............................................................................................................55 The influence of Kimura Kumaji ....................................................................................56 A burgeoning coterie.........................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................... 69 THE NARROW ROAD TO HAKAI’’’S INTERIOR................................................................................................................................................................6969 Earliest appearance of Burakumin in modern literature..............................................69 Fukuchi Ôchi and egalité..................................................................................................72 The Haiku of Masaoka Shiki............................................................................................78 Tokutomi Roka sets the mood ........................................................................................86 Tokuda Shûsei brings gloom............................................................................................89 Shimizu Shikin’s feminist perspective.............................................................................93 The socialism of Kôtoku Shûsui .....................................................................................98 i Oguri Fûyô, Hirotsu Ryûrô and others........................................................................101 Building on a literary underpinning..............................................................................108 CHAPTER 5.................................................................................................... 113 ÔE ISOKICHI——MMODEL FOR HAKAI ......................................................................................................................................................................................113 Upbringing and education..............................................................................................114 From student to teacher… ............................................................................................116 …back to student… .......................................................................................................117 …to teaching teachers ....................................................................................................121 Career crowned as principal...........................................................................................123 CHAPTER 6.................................................................................................... 133 SUIHEISHA, HAKAI AND LITERARY STRUGGSTRUGGLELE ................................................................................................................133 Hakai as confession.........................................................................................................133 Revisionist dichotomy ....................................................................................................135 Nordic development.......................................................................................................136 Tôson’s intellectual incantation.....................................................................................138 Hakai as social novel.......................................................................................................140 Ending the problem........................................................................................................141 A Burakumin reading......................................................................................................143 Post-Hakai commotion ..................................................................................................144 Organized discontent......................................................................................................146 Establishing Suiheisha ....................................................................................................147 Tôson under attack .........................................................................................................149 Buraku critique and alternative interpretation ............................................................151 Putting Hakai on the agenda .........................................................................................155 Tôson’s new beginnings.................................................................................................156