CHILD POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis June 2020 Statistics South Africa Risenga Maluleke Report No. 03-10-22 Statistician-General STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA ii CHILD POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis / Statistics South Africa Published by Statistics South Africa, Private Bag X44, Pretoria 0001 © Statistics South Africa, 2020 Users may apply or process this data, provided Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) is acknowledged as the original source of the data; that it is specified that the application and/or analysis is the result of the user's independent processing of the data; and that neither the basic data nor any reprocessed version or application thereof may be sold or offered for sale in any form whatsoever without prior permission from Stats SA. Stats SA Library Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) Data CHILD POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis / Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2020 Report no. 03-10-22 138 pp ISBN 978-0-621-48540-0 A complete set of Stats SA publications is available at Stats SA Library and the following libraries: National Library of South Africa, Pretoria Division National Library of South Africa, Cape Town Division Library of Parliament, Cape Town Bloemfontein Public Library Natal Society Library, Pietermaritzburg Johannesburg Public Library Eastern Cape Library Services, King William’s Town Central Regional Library, Polokwane Central Reference Library, Mbombela Central Reference Collection, Kimberley Central Reference Library, Mmabatho This report is available on the Stats SA website: www.statssa.gov.za For technical enquiries, please contact: Patricia Koka Email: [email protected] CHILD POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis, Report 03-10-22 STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA iii Table of Contents Abbreviations & Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ x Definition of terms .............................................................................................................................................. xi Preface ................................................................................................................................................................ xii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... xiii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... xiv Key findings ....................................................................................................................................................... xv 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Purpose of report ............................................................................................................................................ 3 3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 MODA methodology .................................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Data source and collection method ............................................................................................................ 4 3.3 Selection of dimensions, indicators and age-groups ................................................................................. 4 3.4 Limitations and data constraints ................................................................................................................. 8 3.5 Analytic approach ........................................................................................................................................ 9 4. Analysis of results ........................................................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Multidimensional and money-metric poverty among all children (0–17 years) ....................................... 13 4.1.1 Multiple deprivation analysis .............................................................................................................. 13 4.1.2 Overlap analysis between money-metric and multidimensional deprivation ................................... 20 4.2 Deprivation among younger children (0–4 years) .................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Single deprivation analysis ................................................................................................................ 27 4.2.2 Multiple deprivation analysis .............................................................................................................. 37 4.3 Deprivation among primary school aged children (5–12 years) .............................................................. 47 4.3.1 Single deprivation analysis ................................................................................................................ 47 4.3.2 Multiple deprivation analysis .............................................................................................................. 55 4.4 Deprivation among adolescents (13–17 years) ....................................................................................... 67 4.4.1 Single deprivation analysis ................................................................................................................ 67 4.4.2 Multiple deprivation analysis .............................................................................................................. 75 4.5 Analysis of multidimensional poverty according to money-metric poverty status ................................... 87 4.5.1 Young children (0–4 years) ................................................................................................................ 87 4.5.2 Primary school-aged children (5–12 years) ...................................................................................... 94 4.5.3 Adolescents (13–17 years) .............................................................................................................. 101 5. Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 109 6. References ................................................................................................................................................... 110 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................ 111 A.1 Deprivation headcount rates by dimension and each age group .......................................................... 111 A.2 Three-way overlap between all possible combinations ......................................................................... 114 A.3 Overlap between multidimensional and money-metric child poverty .................................................... 120 CHILD POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis, Report 03-10-22 STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA iv List of figures Figure 3.1.1: List of dimensions and indicators based on the LCS 2015 ............................................................ 5 Figure 4.1.1: Multidimensional poverty headcount (H%) for children aged 0–17 years at national level and for all thresholds ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4.1.2: Deprivation distribution for children aged 0–17 years at national level ....................................... 15 Figure 4.1.3: Percentage distribution of deprived children aged 0–17 years by settlement type ..................... 16 Figure 4.1.4: Multidimensional (k=3) child poverty for children aged 0–17 years by province ......................... 16 Figure 4.1.5: Multidimensional (k=3) child poverty for children aged 0–17 years by metropolitan municipality .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 4.1.6: Multidimensional (k=3) child poverty children aged 0–17 by metropolitan municipality category ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4.1.7: Multidimensional poverty head count ratios (k=3) for children aged 0–17 years by child's characteristics ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 4.1.8: Deprivation overlap for children aged 0–17 years based on money-metric and multidimensional (k=3) poverty at the national level. ......................................................................................... 20 Figure 4.1.9: Child poverty for children aged 0–17 years based on money-metrics poverty of a household by province .......................................................................................................................................