STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2014 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 96, No. 7, July 2015 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2014 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Chapter Editors Howard J. Diamond Gregory C. Johnson Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge A. Johannes Dolman Ademe Mekonnen Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Ryan L. Fogt A. Rost Parsons Sharon Stammerjohn Dale F. Hurst Jared Rennie Peter W. Thorne Martin O. Jeffries James A. Renwick Kate M. Willett Technical Editor Mara Sprain AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY COVER CREDITS: FRONT: ADAM Ü — Argo float WMO ID# 4900835 upon deployment at 13° 43.22' N; 105° 21.23' W on 11 September 2007. This float was still fully functional and reporting data as of June 2015. BacK: ©iStockphotos.com/Robert Pavsic—Capital city of Maldives Male coastline. How to cite this document: Citing the complete report: Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2015: State of the Climate in 2014. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S1– S267. Citing a chapter (example): Mekonnen, A., J. A. Renwick, and A. Sánchez-Lugo, Eds., 2015: Regional climates [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S169–S219. Citing a section (example): Macara, G. R., 2015: New Zealand [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S217–S219. EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (ALPHabETIcaL BY NAME) Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Trinidad & Tobago Meteoro- Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Cen- logical Service, Piarco, Trinidad tre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS, University of Wisconsin– Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corval- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin lis, Oregon Adamu, J. I., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Ni- Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, geria College Park, Maryland Albanil, Adelina, National Meteorological Service of Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Mexico, Mexico Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and Bernhard, G., Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, Cali- School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, fornia Costa Rica Berrisford, Paul, European Centre for Medium-Range Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Kingdom Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, South- Alley, Richard B., Department of Geosciences and Earth ampton, United Kingdom and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania Bettolli, María L., Departamento Ciencias de la Atmós- State University, University Park, Pennsylvania fera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Natu- Álvarez, Luis, Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y rales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Colombia Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Ter- Bidegain, Mario, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, restre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Ca- Montevideo, Uruguay choeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Bindoff, Nathan, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Coop- Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and erative Research Centre, and CSIRO Marine and Atmo- School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, spheric Laboratories, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Costa Rica Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Re- Andreassen, L. M., Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, gional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Oslo, Norway Miami, Florida Antonov, John, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Blenman, Rosalind C., Barbados Meteorological Services, Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Christ Church, Barbados University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boul- Blunden, Jessica, ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National der, Colorado Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Applequist, Scott, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Carolina Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Bond, Nick A., Joint Institute for the Study of the At- Arendt, A., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska mosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Arévalo, Juan, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hi- Seattle, Washington drología de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Bosilovich, Mike, Global Modelling and Assimilation Of- Arguez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for fice, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Maryland Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Boudet, Dagne, Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina of Cuba, Cuba Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Envi- Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, ronmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Copenhagen, Denmark Barichivich, J., School of Geography, University of Leeds, Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environ- Leeds, United Kingdom, and Center for Climate and Re- mental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland silience Research (CR)², Chile Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Re- Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic search Division, Geneva, Switzerland and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar and Climate Research Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Buenos Aires, Argentina Brown, L. C., Department of Geography, University of To- Baxter, Stephen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Cen- ronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada ter, College Park, Maryland Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment Cana- Bazo, Juan, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hi- da, Montreal, Quebec, Canada drología de Perú, Lima, Perú STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2014 JULY 2015 | Si Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Hydrometeoro- Davis, Sean M., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- logical Information, Obninsk, Russia vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, On- and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, tario, Canada Boulder, Colorado Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, Uni- De Jeu, R. A. M., Earth and Climate Cluster, Department versity of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observa- University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands tory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Degenstein, Doug, University of Saskatchewan, Saska- Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The Univer- toon, Saskatchewan, Canada sity of the West Indies, Jamaica Demircan, M., Turkish State Meteorological Service, An- Cappelen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenha- kara, Turkey gen, Denmark Derksen, C., Climate Research Division, Environment Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada e Hidrología de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia Destin, Dale, Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service, Carter, Brendan, NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- St. John’s, Antigua mental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, University for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic- Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado toria, Australia Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Chevallier, Frédéric, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat Washington et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur- Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, Yvette, France Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Christiansen, Hanne H., Arctic Geology Department, Amsterdam, Netherlands UNIS-The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Domingues, Catia M., Institute for Marine and Antarctic Norway Studies, University of Tasmania, and Antarctic Climate Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Huntsville, Alabama Tasmania, Australia Chung, D., Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Donat, Markus G., Climate Change Research Centre, Uni- Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria versity of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Ciais, Philippe, LCSE, Gif sur l’Yvette, France Australia Clem, Kyle R., School of Geography, Environment, and Dong, Shenfu, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wel- Meteorological Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute lington, New Zealand for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida Coelho, Caio A.S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Dorigo, Wouter A., Department of Geodesy and Geoin- Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil formation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Aus- Cogley, J. G., Department of Geography, Trent University, tria, and Department of Forest and Water Management, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Gent University, Gent, Belgium Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, DLR (German Aerospace Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, and Center) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany