Doctoral Dissertation A Critical Assessment of Conflict Transformation Capacity in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Deepening the Search for a Self-Sustainable and Effective Regional Infrastructure for Peace (RI4P) MALEBANG GABRIEL GOSIAME G. Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University September 2014 A Critical Assessment of Conflict Transformation Capacity in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Deepening the Search for a Self-Sustainable and Effective Regional Infrastructure for Peace (RI4P) D115734 MALEBANG GABRIEL GOSIAME G. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation of Hiroshima University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this doctoral thesis is in its original form. The ideas expressed and the research findings recorded in this doctoral thesis are my own unaided work written by me MALEBANG GABRIEL GOSIAME G. The information contained herein is adequately referenced. It was gathered from primary and secondary sources which include elite interviews, personal interviews, archival and scholarly materials, technical reports by both local and international agencies and governments. The research was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards and guidelines of the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) of Hiroshima University, Japan. The consent of all respondents was obtained using the consent form as shown in Appendix 3 for the field research component of the study and for use of the respondent’s direct words as quoted therein. iii DEDICATIONS This dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my mother Roseline Keitumetse Malebang (1948 – 1999) and to all the people of Southern Africa. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible by the generosity of the Japanese tax payer through the Monbukagakusho (MEXT) Japanese government scholarship which enabled me to read for a doctoral degree at the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) at Hiroshima University, Japan. This has been a most rewarding experience both inside and outside the classroom and research lab. I wish to express my profound appreciation to my two supervisors Professor Hideaki Shinoda and Professor Kazuhito Nakazono who painstakingly read drafts of this work and provided me with exceptionally insightful comments, I also thank them for their mentorship and leadership. Professors Yuji Uesugi, Tatsuo Yamane, Noriyuki Kawano and Mari Katayanagi deserve special mention for their most enthusiastic support. I wish to thank all the members of the Shinoda Seminar and all the administrative and library staff at IDEC who made my transition into academic life in Japan smooth and enjoyable. The list of those who assisted me to retrieve materials critical for this study is too long to exhaust here. However a few deserve special mention for their help at critical junctures of the study. In Gaborone; Lt. Col (Rtd) Tanki Mothae, Ms Nurse Osi, Mrs Linda Ramokate, Brigadier General Maaparankoe Mahao, Colonel L. Metikwiza, (SADC Secretariat), Mr Henrik Haartman (GTZ) and Mr Thibaud Kurtz (British High Commission, Botswana), Ambassador Charles Mogotsi (Office of Former President H.E. Sir QKJ Masire), Prof. Mpho Molomo, Prof. Bertha Osei-Hwedie, Prof. Balefi Tsie, Prof. Zibani Maundeni, Prof. David Sebudubudu, Dr Boga Manatsha, Dr Norbert Musekiwa, Mrs Victoria Botshelo Mrs Florence Mokane, Dr Dorothy Mpabanga, Dr Gladys Mokhawa (Universtiy of Botswana). In South Africa; Colonel Magare Gilbert Dithupa (Botswana High Commission, Pretoria), Prof. Anthoni Van nieuwkerk, Prof. Gavin Cawthra (University of the Witwatersrand), Dr. Cheryl Hendricks, Dr Gwinyayi Dzinesa, Ms Dimpho Motsamai (ISS), Prof. Siphamandla Zondi (IGD) Prof. Laurie Nathan (UCT), Prof. Theo Neethling, Prof. Hussein Solomon (UFS), Mrs Wendy Coleman, Mr Vasu Gounden, Mr Senzo Ngubane, Dr Grace Maina and the rest of the team at ACCORD, Durban. In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Colonel Phillip Lebele and Mrs Ayanda Lebele, Dr Jide Okeke, Mr Simon Baza, Mr Boy Tafa and all my interview sources at the African Union Head Quarters. In Lesotho; Mr Sekhonyana Bereng, Ms Thato Tsutsubi and Mr Craig Gulubane and all my interview sources. I also wish to thank my father Mr Odiegile Malebang and my brother Mr Joel Malebang for their love and support and to apologise to them for being an absent son and brother. I owe a debt of gratitude to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation v of the Republic of Botswana for granting me a research permit which enabled me to secure most of my interviews. I extend my gratitude to the Botswana Embassy in Japan for allowing me to attend the conference of SADC Ambassadors at the Kyoto University of Foreign Studies in 2012 and to my friends in Botswana, Japan and other parts of the world for all the support, solidarity and friendship they have shown me as I staggered and faltered through my uncertain journey towards completion of this work. They are; Mr Leonard Molosiwa, Mr Arona Rakhudu, Mr Kabelo Malebang, Mr Thomas Thatelo, Bafana Mkhatshane, Mr Osi Lesole, Mr Isang Lekhutile, Mr Moeng Segaetsho, Mr Kefalotse Mathware, Ms Tebogo Makanye, Mr Moagisi Mogalakwe, Mr Khumo Sebereko, Mr Fennie Mothei, Ms Julia Badlangana, Mr Kabo Masisi, Ms Naoko Tanimoto, Yuhei Kawasaki, Emi Yasukawa, Mr Tirelo Moepswa, Mr Tshepo Gwatiwa, Ms Tebogo Obuseng, Ms Mogolo Ramalebang, Ms Gaone Mathumo, Ms Refilwe Mogwe, Ms Kelebogile Kgosimore, Mr Reuben Lewis, Ms Jessica Moore, Mr Kabo Nyathi, Mr Peter Anyanwu, Ms Pretty Segwai, Mr Ame Selepeng, Mr Vincent Pagiwa, Mr Mike Tsae, Mr Tirafalo Sekao, Mr Zakaria Issahaku, Mr Waqar Jadoon, Mr Sonny Wicaksono, Mr Aleksandar Radosavlevic, Mr Itadani Satoshi, Mr Shrestha Suman Lal, Dr Niraj Prakash Joshi and Mr Wondewossen Tegne. vi MAP OF SADC MEMBER STATES Note: Seychelles withdrew from SADC in 2004 and re-joined in 2008 vii Table of Contents DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATIONS ............................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v MAP OF SADC MEMBER STATES .......................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xv LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. xvii LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. xviii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ xxv CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction, Background, Review of Relevant Literature, Theoretical Framework and Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Historical and Contextual Background.............................................................................. 4 1.3 Summary of Subsequent Chapters ................................................................................... 15 1.4 A Review of the Relevant Literature ................................................................................... 19 1.4.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework Understanding Theory and the need for a Conceptual and Theoretical Framework................................................................................ 19 1.4.2 Theoretical Framework................................................................................................. 21 1.4.3 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................. 21 1.4.4 The Conflict Transformation Approach ....................................................................... 22 1.4.5 The need for Regional Integration through Security Cooperation ............................... 31 1.4.6 Regionalism. Regionalisation and Regional Security Cooperation .............................. 35 1.4.7 Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (RP2) and Sovereignty with Responsibility ............................................................................................................................................... 39 1.4.8 Measuring Conflict Transformation Capacity in an “Evolving” or “Nascent” Security Community: SADC under the microscope ............................................................................ 42 1.4.9 Security Complex Theory ............................................................................................